The Partys Denial Of A Persons Natural Rights :: essays research papers

The novel 1984 touches on many disturbing aspects about the denial of a persons natural rights. In todays society people are granted original rights which the government or anyone else can not take away. These rights are the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In the novel 1984 the government which the people of Oceania live under has interpreted away all of the rights of people, including natural rights. The right to life has been taken away in the sense that a persons life is the party. A person is born for the party, plant life for the party, and dies for the party. Liberty is taken away by not allowing the privacy of thought or action. To coin the phrase "Big Brother is watching you". The right of a person pursuing happiness is unquestionably taken away because all forms of pleasure (games, sex, laughter) are illegal. The government promotes hate and unhappiness.     The life of a person victuals in Oceania is strictly controlled . A person does not choose what they do for a living, or who they associate with. The party is the center of everybodys life. The only reason anyone marries or has children is so that the children can live for the party. The children grow up learning how to defy and betray everyone for the party. Children will tell on anybody, even their parents if they see them acting in a unorthodox or peculiar way. When Winston was in the Ministry of Love he discovers that a co-worker of his, a man by the name of Parsons, who had been turned in for thoughtcrime by his own daughter. This is a quite disturbing incident because Parsons was proud of his child and happy that he had been sent to the Ministry of love before he had perpetrate any other thoughtcrime. He is a prime example of a person whose entire life was for the party and for Big Brother. Even though Winston and Julia were enemies of the party their lives were still spent doing work for the party. They would still participate in the two minute hates and would still do their jobs, which both helped the party brainwash more than and more people. No one ever outwardly betrayed the party. Liberty can be defined as exemption from control of another, freedom from external restraint, and the power of choice. both of these definitions defy the very basis of the party.

The Role of Power in Obedience Essay -- Political Science Law Politics

To Obey or Disobey The Role of Power in loyaltyPeoples termination to obey or disobey the law is based on how much creator (in its variousforms) they perceive the law to have behind it. The power of irresistible impulse is one maintained by everygovernment in human history the power to punish. The power of legitimacy is a much more baneful power the power to appear as an authority and let others presume that you know best.While enforcing law, authorities ordain exercise both these powers. both(prenominal) powers punctuategovernment and societys ability to control us and to get us to obey.Why do we obey? Stanley Milgrams Obedience to Authority, a serial of experiments inwhich subjects were told to administer what they believed to be high-voltage electric shocks topeople who they thought were experimental subjects, shows us the disturbing extent of peoples bow in the face of power. Whereas it was hypothesized that few of the subjects wouldactually shock their supposed experime ntal subjects, the actual experiments showed adisturbingly high level of compliance with authority figures scorn the unembellished pain evincedby the false experimental subjects. (Cover 223) Even when the false experimental subjects(actually just a tape recording of responses) screamed with supposed agony, the vast bulk ofthe subjects, although video display some hesitation and concern for their victims, still neverthelessshocked them again and again at the behest of the authority, even after the victims had gonesilent. (Cover 223) The almost device bow of these subjects was due to the power oflegitimacy and expertise they perceived the authority figures behind the experiment to have. The2authorities were able to impose their will ... ...human, we will everlastingly retain our freedom of thought and our decision to obey or disobey.5Works CitedCover, Robert M. The Violence of jural Acts. Before the Law An Introduction to the LegalProcess. Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin , Arons, Rifkin. capital of Massachusetts HoughtonMifflin Company, 2002. 223.King, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail. Before the Law An Introduction to theLegal Process. Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin, Arons, Rifkin. BostonHoughton Mifflin Company, 2002. 158-162.Kropotkin, Peter. Law and Authority. Before the Law An Introduction to the Legal Process.Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin, Arons, Rifkin. Boston Houghton MifflinCompany, 2002. 158-162.Tyler, Tom. Why do People Obey the Law? Introduction to Legal Studies A Reader. Ed.Thomas Hilbink. Amherst Collective Copies. 475-495. The Role of Power in Obedience Essay -- Political Science Law PoliticsTo Obey or Disobey The Role of Power in ObediencePeoples decision to obey or disobey the law is based on how much power (in its variousforms) they perceive the law to have behind it. The power of coercion is one maintained by everygovernment in human history the power to punish. The power of legitimacy is a much moresubtle power the power to appear as an authority and let others presume that you know best.While enforcing law, authorities will exercise both these powers. Both powers underscoregovernment and societys ability to control us and to get us to obey.Why do we obey? Stanley Milgrams Obedience to Authority, a series of experiments inwhich subjects were told to administer what they believed to be high-voltage electric shocks topeople who they thought were experimental subjects, shows us the disturbing extent of peoplesobedience in the face of power. Whereas it was hypothesized that few of the subjects wouldactually shock their supposed experimental subjects, the actual experiments showed adisturbingly high level of compliance with authority figures despite the apparent pain evincedby the false experimental subjects. (Cover 223) Even when the false experimental subjects(actually just a tape recording of responses) screamed with supposed agony, the vast majority ofthe subjects , although showing some hesitation and concern for their victims, still neverthelessshocked them again and again at the behest of the authority, even after the victims had gonesilent. (Cover 223) The almost blind obedience of these subjects was due to the power oflegitimacy and expertise they perceived the authority figures behind the experiment to have. The2authorities were able to impose their will ... ...human, we willalways retain our freedom of thought and our decision to obey or disobey.5Works CitedCover, Robert M. The Violence of Legal Acts. Before the Law An Introduction to the LegalProcess. Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin, Arons, Rifkin. Boston HoughtonMifflin Company, 2002. 223.King, Martin Luther. Letter from Birmingham Jail. Before the Law An Introduction to theLegal Process. Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin, Arons, Rifkin. BostonHoughton Mifflin Company, 2002. 158-162.Kropotkin, Peter. Law and Authority. Before the Law An Introduction to the Legal Proces s.Eds. Bonsignore, Katsh, dErrico, Pipkin, Arons, Rifkin. Boston Houghton MifflinCompany, 2002. 158-162.Tyler, Tom. Why do People Obey the Law? Introduction to Legal Studies A Reader. Ed.Thomas Hilbink. Amherst Collective Copies. 475-495.

Hatchet :: essays research papers

Hatchet Speech.Hatchet by Gary Paulsen is a great book somewhat survival in the wild. It follows the time of a boy, Brian Robson, who crash lands in the middle of a Canadian forest.I think Brian would have though of his time in the forest as fulfilling. Maybe not in the middle of the story, but afterwards, he would of thought of it as a very good experience.From only pages of the book, Brian starts to learn. When the control offers him a quick lesson of flying the Cessna plane, this saves his life when the pilot dies a horrific heat dishonour in his seat. This rushs Brian to panic, but he safely crash lands inner(a) a lake.Then soon after, he starts to learn that just some insects are coming wanting his flesh. He never thought they were that bad until they cause him to swell all overThe only stuff Brian had seen about the wild was on nature films They only showed animals jumping around in the bushes and the rolling mountains. It give tongue to in the novel. Brian had only live d in the city, where he is hidden away from the wilderness. He had never been into a forest before. So he was living by what he knew, which was very little.When he goes looking for berries, he is confronted by a big bear. He had seen one before in a zoo, and thought that they would be something to closure away from in the wild. He thinks he is done for, and thinks he will be attacked. But the bear leaves him alone, leaving him with the thought that they only attack you if you attack them.He learns things that are not just relevant to wilderness survival but also about life. These include patience, appreciation for the natural world and observation.He learns to control his temper when he discovers frustration and hopelessness does nothing.He also learns by trial and error, like hunting or building his tribute. For example, his first shelter doesnt work, so he spends more time on building the second. If a method fails to accomplish the job, Brian learns from his mistakes instead of dwelling on them.Brian also notices the watcher of nature and its sights and sounds.Living in the city has dulled his senses.He uses his new senses to survive, like when at first he couldnt locate the foolbirds he tries to hunt, they place out of nowhere surprising him with their presence.

karate Essay -- essays research papers

FightingFighting, or kumite, is the freestyle use of moves atomic number 53 has learned. During this freestyle match, the students may use any technique they have learned in their dressing for any defensive or offensive purposes. Fighting is involved with probably only 30 % of skill the student has. However, this is a very important discriminate of the whole. As mention earlier, katas help in perfecting the moves and the focus of executing them. On the other hand, fighting employs these moves. Practicing in fighting will assist in the clock and cycles/second of the execution of the move. In a kata you have as long as you want to throw each kick, each block, each punch, and as often conviction to move into the next stance. During a fight, you must(prenominal) use these moves but timing must be involved as well. If the opponent throws a kick, you must stick a decision and quick. You can block the kick, dodge the kick to the left, right, or step back, or you can decide to get hit. Now no one wants to get hit but if a decision isnt made that will be the result. You must also be able to fight down profuse enough to the oncoming kick with your decision. If you hesitate on your decision to step to the side, it will be to late and you could be on the ground laborious to enamour your breath. I know from experience. Well, lets say you have successfully reacted to the kick and blocked it and your done right, wrong Usually a trained attack aircraft wont throw one punch or kick without following it up with 2 or 3 more attacks,... karate canvass -- essays research papers FightingFighting, or kumite, is the freestyle use of moves one has learned. During this freestyle match, the students may use any technique they have learned in their training for either defensive or offensive purposes. Fighting is involved with probably only 30 % of skill the student has. However, this is a very important part of the whole. As mention earlier, katas help in perfecting the moves and the focus of executing them. On the other hand, fighting employs these moves. Practicing in fighting will assist in the timing and rhythm of the execution of the move. In a kata you have as long as you want to throw each kick, each block, each punch, and as much time to move into the next stance. During a fight, you must use these moves but timing must be involved as well. If the opponent throws a kick, you must make a decision and quick. You can block the kick, dodge the kick to the left, right, or step back, or you can decide to get hit. Now no one wants to get hit but if a decision isnt made that will be the result. You must also be able to react fast enough to the oncoming kick with your decision. If you hesitate on your decision to step to the side, it will be to late and you could be on the ground trying to catch your breath. I know from experience. Well, lets say you have successfully reacted to the kick and blocked it and your done right, wrong Usual ly a skilled fighter wont throw one punch or kick without following it up with 2 or 3 more attacks,...

Getting Behind the Punch: The Knock Out Game Essay -- social learning

Outside, a middle aged man walks outside from the backbone entrance after a long day at work. As he moves through the back alley, a swift cracking noise echoes the area. He drops on the ground, instantly going into a state of unconsciousness as cackling and footsteps run away from him. This horrible scenario has been occurring for the past few years in unhomogeneous urban areas to people who seem vulnerable. This knock out naughty has various methods of operation but for the most part, it typically involves either one forceful punch to the head or a more generalized assault to a random individual (typically standing or walking alone) without any warning or provocation, and without any ulterior motive such as theft or retaliation (Zonfrillo, Arbogast, & Fein, 2014, p. 513). This trend tends to have a similar demographic of perpetrators (teenage males), yet it does not necessarily mean that the pauperization to perpetrate these random assaults are all the same. These recent attack s are a social problem because they do affect a persons well being and safety in society. Three different case studies will be examined, along with different criminological theories and in the end policies that could be applied for punishment and prevention crime control measures. As mentioned earlier, most cases are not economically motivated which rules out conflict surmisal since that ideology is associated with perpetrators who believe in class conflict, and using any means to obtain monetary or social power within a divided society. On side note, the trend and cases discussed, Social Learning theory appears to be a universal motivation for incidents which occurred within the context of group settings due to the motivation and skills given by peers (or social media... ... from http//www.myfoxny.com/story/23359158/ny-teen-has-hearing-in-knockout-game-death-caseSee/Methodist University, E., & Kieser/Methodist University , E. (2013).http//global.oup.com/. Retrieved May 13, 2014 , from http//global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199844487/guide1/study_guide.pdfSenate passes stronger penalties for knockout game. (2014). Spin Control The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington - BLOG, The Associated Press (2013, November 22). Deadly knockout game gains national prominence syracuse.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http//www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/deadly_knockout_game_gains_national_prominence.htmlZonfrillo, M. R., Arbogast, K. B., & Fein, J. A. (2014). The Knockout Game Recreational Assault and Traumatic Brain Injury. Lancet, 383( 9916), 513-514. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60184-7

Getting Behind the Punch: The Knock Out Game Essay -- social learning

Outside, a middle aged man walks outside from the back entrance after a long day at work. As he moves through the back alley, a swift cracking noise echoes the area. He drops on the ground, instantly going into a state of unconsciousness as cackling and footsteps emission away from him. This horrible scenario has been occurring for the past few years in various urban areas to people who seem vulnerable. This knock out game has various methods of feat but for the just about part, it typically involves either one forceful punch to the head or a more generalized assault to a random individual (typically standing or walking alone) without any warning or provocation, and without any ulterior motive such as theft or retaliation (Zonfrillo, Arbogast, & Fein, 2014, p. 513). This trend tends to have a similar demographic of perpetrators (teenage males), yet it does not necessarily mean that the motivation to perpetrate these random assaults are all the same. These fresh attacks are a soci al problem because they do affect a persons well being and safety in society. Three assorted case studies will be examined, along with different criminological theories and finally policies that could be applied for punishment and prevention crime control measures. As mentioned earlier, most cases are not economically motivated which rules out conflict theory since that ideology is associated with perpetrators who believe in class conflict, and using any means to cause monetary or social power within a divided society. On side note, the trend and cases discussed, Social Learning theory appears to be a universal motivation for incidents which occurred within the context of group settings due to the motivation and skills given by peers (or social media... ... from http//www.myfoxny.com/story/23359158/ny-teen-has-hearing-in-knockout-game-death-caseSee/Methodist University, E., & Kieser/Methodist University , E. (2013).http//global.oup.com/. Retrieved whitethorn 13, 2014, from http// global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199844487/guide1/study_guide.pdfSenate passes stronger penalties for knockout game. (2014). Spin Control The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington - BLOG, The Associated Press (2013, November 22). Deadly knockout game gains national prominence syracuse.com. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http//www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/deadly_knockout_game_gains_national_prominence.htmlZonfrillo, M. R., Arbogast, K. B., & Fein, J. A. (2014). The Knockout Game inexpert Assault and Traumatic Brain Injury. Lancet, 383( 9916), 513-514. Retrieved from http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60184-7

Compare the opening of the novel ‘Jaws’ with the opening of the film

The opening of the overbold is at the beginning very quiet and kind of strange, it describes the cheat Jaws as the great search and it describes how it moves propelled by short sweeps of its crescent tail. It raises a kind of tension already because you dont yet know what is going to overhaul and that is quiet scary in itself. It makes appear that it is a very dark environment and that makes it more scary as well. It said that the fish survived only by moving and it was bearing water through and through its gills, the written of what the shark is doing and how it is moving is very detailed.We do not know where it is yet but we can guess because it is a fish so it must(prenominal) be in the sea, the sea is described as the night water so that emphasises the darkness of the sea which creates more tension. When the woman says she is going for a travel the audience doesnt want her to because they know something is going to happen to her because of the opening scene of the shark underwater. When she does go in and keeps going deeper, you know that something bad is going to happen to her. Even if she doesnt know that, and because the story says that she cant swim very well, you get worried that she wont be able to get away from danger.The tension rises when danger gets closer and when it hits the graphic of the situation is very, very detailed. Her groping fingers had found a nub of bone and tattered flesh it says, after that the lady dies and the man is asleep, being very vulnerable. Give a detailed description of the opening of the picture show. Explain what media / film devices Steven Spielberg uses and what affect they reach upon the audience. At the beginning of the film there is a dolphin like articulate then the Jaws theme music, it is a scary type of music, it could make tension in a different scene, but not at the beginning because zippo is happening.Stephen Spielberg put the thinking in the sharks perspective, it is an underwater view of the great fish swimming along. He bit after that changes to a nice, calm scene of a beach party, there is a conduct of people there so that shows safety, everyone is safe there. It shows everyone having a good time and it has lively, fun music on too, the tv camera then turns to look at a man, then the lady, then the man. The man goes over to the lady and they start talking, the lady gets up and goes over to the sea to have a swim, the man follows, this raises a bit of tension because the lady is going into the sea which is unwelcoming, dark and sinister.The camera pans egress to a big picture of the sea that looks very evil. The man on the beach falls to sleep because he was drunk but the lady is still in the sea. She swims deeper and then you see a big picture of the sea and the lady swimming and she puts her leg in the air and then goes underwater, I think Stephen Spielberg did this to represent the dorsal fin of a shark, the tension is still rising at this point as you can feel he r getting closer to danger.The view suddenly turns to the fishs perspective again and the analogous scary, weird music is put on, it shows the fish looking up at the swimming lady from below, after a few more seconds it goes back to the view of the lady and she takes a deep breath very quickly, she gasps a few times then starts screaming, the music is even loader now and the fish pulls her across, she grabs onto a buoy and it rings loader than it had been, she gets dragged along the water a few more times then she dies. The drunken man had fallen asleep on the beach, knowing nothing about what had just gone on, a very vulnerable man.The camera shot goes back to the man, asleep on the beach with the solarise just coming up beside him and the tips of the waves surrounding him. Similarities about the novel and film At the start of the film the first simile is that it is obvious that the girls name is Christie and it is in the film too. He man falls asleep in both of them although the y both seem very different when you are reading and watching them. As, as before the man doesnt have a name in the novel or film, at the beginning and near when Christie gets killed it is in the sharks perspective.As in the book, the shark is described a great fish, this rises the tension a bit as well. At the end of the opening sequences returns a sense of calm, both novel and film have symbolic uses of dark and light. Again, both the novel and film are alternate between the shark and the woman the camera shots in the film and the paragraphs in the novel get shorter and speed up. The perspective and style of the attack is similar because the woman is pulled and dragged in the water. Differences between the novel Jaws and the filmAs you would find out if you read the novel you will see that the graphic of the attack at the beginning is outstanding, it is scary and maybe terrifying. In the film there is not as much graphic and it is not as scary because of that. When the attack is t aking place in the film the buoy is an important feature because it symbolises that no-one can discover her and that she is in great danger. In the film there is a larger group at the beach party, this symbolises safety in numbers and in the novel there is only two people at the beach.Because there is a lot of people in the film it adds to the honour and there is a lot of potential resources. This also lets the audience identify themselves with the scene. The novel seems and most properly is colder and more scientific than the film because the film cant make use of the writing that the novel has. In the film the music adds to the mounting of tension and suspense but in the novel you have to use your imagination. In the film the music olfaction is threatening and sinister. In the novel, the house and lights in it represent hope and security but in the film it is the fire and the beach party.

Direct and Indirect Cash Flow Essay

(According to According to What Is The Difference Between The Direct method And The Indirect Method For The line of reasoning Of Cash Flows? (2004-2014),) The main difference between the direct method and the indirect method involves the hard change flows from operating activities, the first section of the statement of cash flows. (There is no difference in the cash flows reported in the investment and financing activities sections.) Under the direct method, the cash flows from operating activities will include the amounts for lines such as cash from customers and cash paid to suppliers. In contrast, the indirect method will show net income followed by the adjustments needed to convert the total net income to the cash amount from operating activities. The direct method must also provide a reconciliation of net income to the cash provided by operating activities. This is done mechanically under the indirect method.Nearly all corporations prep atomic number 18 the statement of cas h flows using the indirect method. The reason for financial accounting standards board allows both methods are simple. Both statements of cash flow preparation methods are allowable under basic accounting standards. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, however, prefers the direct method for the statement of cash flows. FASB prefers the method because business stakeholders find the statement easier to read than the indirect statement of cash flows. Companies prefer the indirect method as it is easier to prepare since the financial teaching is already at hand.Companies can include disclosures with either the direct or indirect statement of cash flows. These disclosures can detail any non-cash financing and investing activities. FASB often requires disclosures with the statement of cash flows. Companies can prepare a secondary statement noting any significant non-cash activities for stakeholders (Direct Vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method, 1999-2014).ReferencesWhat is the difference be tween the direct method and the indirect method for the statement of cash flows? (2004-2014). Retrieved from http//www.accountingcoach.com Direct vs. Indirect Cash Flow Method. (1999-2014). Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com

English as Second Language

Insight Text Guide Ruth Thomas The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif Najaf Mazari & Robert Hillman Insight Publications 2010 Copyright Insight Publications 2009 premier published in 2009 by Insight Publications Pty Ltd ABN 57 005 102 983 219 Glenhuntly Road Elsternwick VIC 3185 Australia Tel +61 3 9523 0044 Fax +61 3 9523 2044 Email emailprotected com. au www. insightpublications. com. u write for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be copied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions strain Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Tel +61 2 9394 7600 Fax +61 2 9394 7601 Email emailprotected com. u Copying for other( a) purposes besides as permitted under the Act (for example, any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be do to the publisher at the address above. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Thomas, Ruth, 1980 Najaf Mazari and Robert Hillmans The rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif insight text guide / Ruth Thomas. 1st ed. 9781921411038 (pbk. ) Insight text guide. Bibliography.For subaltern school age. Mazari, Najaf, 1971 Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif. 325. 2109581 Printed in Australia by Hyde Park Press Insight Publications 2010 contents Character map Overview About the author Synopsis Character summaries iv 1 1 2 3 Background & context Genre, structure & language Chapter-by-chapter analysis Characters & relationships Themes, ideas & values Different interpretations Quest ions & answers Sample answer References & reading 6 11 16 32 40 51 57 65 68 Insight Publications 2010 iv CHARACT ARACTER MAP Hakima Najafs wife, whom he marries when both are 27 hang ins in Pakistan before joining Najaf in Australia. other of husband and wife admires Maria Najaf and Hakimas daughter a baby when she is taken to Pakistan travels to Australia with Hakima to be reunited with her father. Gorg Ali Mazari Najafs eldest brother killed by a sniper during a battle between the Russians and the mujahedin. brothers father of Abdul Ali Mazari Becomes head of the family after Gorg Ali is killed. respects Najaf Mazari Afghani rugmaker who ? ees con? ict in his homeland and arrives in Australia as a refugee. helps Robin Closest paladin in Australia. helps brothers frustrated by Colin Rug dealer a close friend in Australia.Rosal Ali Mazari Younger, ir responsible for(p) brother killed in a rocket explosion. brothers Insight Publications 2010 1 OVERVIEW About the authors Najaf Maz ari was born in 1971 in the keen village of Shar Shar in northern Afghanistan. At 12 years of age, after his family had moved to the city of Mazar-e-Sharif, Najaf became an apprentice rugmaker an occupation that suited his propensity for both creativity and hard produce. see through with(predicate) his apprenticeship and aspiring to make beautiful rugs gave the young Najaf some respite from the horror of the incessant con? ct around him. In 2001, Najaf ? ed Afghanistan. The Taliban had busy the north of the country and were carrying out genocide against men in Mazar-e-Sharif. Najaf was captured, squeezed and narrowly escaped death before his family paid a people contrabandist to convey him out of the country. Najaf reluctantly left his family and his beloved homeland, and embarked on a dangerous journey to Australia. He was detained in the Woomera Detention Centre while his applications programme for refugee status was processed. He then settled in Melbourne, where he opened a rug shop.In 2006, Najafs wife and daughter were given permission by the Australian government to join him in Australia. He was granted Australian citizenship in 2007. The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif is Najafs memoir of living with con? ict and of enduring its far-reaching consequences. Melbourne-based ? ction writer and biographer Robert Hillman helps Najaf bear witness his story. Hillmans collaboration with Najaf on The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif continues his literary preoccupation with the hardships and triumphs of ordinary people caught up in war and political unrest.Hillmans 2007 biography, My Life as a Traitor, tells the story of Zarha Ghahramani, a young Iranian woman who was imprisoned, tortured and persecuted after participating in student protests at Tehran University. Hillman, who met Zarha while he was on the job(p) as a journalist in Iran, supported her through her settlement as a refugee in Australia. His articles about refugees have been published in a number of n ewspapers and magazines, including The New York Times and The Australian. My Life as a Traitor has been published in the United States and the United Kingdom and was nominated for the 2008 Insight Publications 2010 2 Prime Ministers Literary Award. Like The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif, Mazar-e-Sharif My Life as a Traitor contains thoughtful meditations on Zarhas culture, which ensures that the book provides something more than a grim and shocking portrayal of war and suffering. Hillmans autobiography, The Boy in the Green Suit (2003), a memoir about his own journey through the Middle East as a teenager, won the 2005 National Biography Prize. The text was praised for its artfulness, evocation of restlessness, humour and optimism. His ? ction has also been widely praised.It includes A Life of long time (1988), The Hour of Disguise (1990), Writing Sparrow Hill (1996) and The Deepest Part of the Lake (2001). An experienced teacher and university lecturer, Hillman also writes educational texts for instantary-school audiences. Synopsis Najafs life begins in the small village of Shar Shar in northern Afghanistan, a place of hilly pastures, sunshine, snow, and bright green grass in spring. Najaf works as a shepherd boy, responsible for protecting the familys ? ock from wolves. Going to school comes second to his shepherding duties.When Najaf is eight his father dies and the family (now headed by Najafs much-loved eldest brother, Gorg Ali) moves north to the city of Mazar-e-Sharif. Gorg Ali arranges an apprenticeship for Najaf when he turns 12 and is no longer, within Afghani culture, a boy he is a young man ready to learn a trade. Najaf is ? rst apprenticed to a blacksmith, but ? nds the work tedious and deeply unsatisfying. He secretly abandons his job to begin an apprenticeship under a master rugmaker. He quickly comes to love rugmaking and his passion for it offers a mental home from the war that rages around him.His work, however, does not shield him from the re ality of con? ict. War in? icts terrible personal costs on young Najaf. Gorg Ali is gunned down in a battle between Russian and mujahedin soldiers in Shar Shar. Najafs younger brother, Rosal Ali, is killed when a mortar shell explodes over the family home in the snapper of the night. Najaf is injured in the attack and his apprenticeship jeopardised because the wound to his leg takes umteen months to heal. Najaf is just 13 when he endures these terrible experiences. Insight Publications 2010 3Although he is a civilian and clay staunchly opposed to violence throughout his life, con? ict continues to impact upon Najaf during adulthood. In 1998, the Taliban invade Mazar-e-Sharif. The Taliban massacre men and boys of Najafs Hazara clan and then capture and torture any survivors they ? nd. Now married with a baby daughter, Najaf is kidnapped and whipped with cables. However, to his and his familys disbelief, he is released. Knowing he will not be so lucky a second time, Najaf escapes Afghanistan, putting his life in the hands of a people smuggler.The dangerous journey takes him through Afghanistan to Pakistan, then on to Indonesia and towards Australia on a barbarous boat. The boat eventually becomes stranded on Ashmore Reef, north of Australia. Najaf, along with other asylum seekers on board, is rescued by the Australian navy and conveyed to Woomera Detention Centre. Here, Najaf endures the ordeal of waiting, his fate resting with immigration of? cials who will decide whether he has valid reason to stay in Australia. After months of detainment, Najaf is granted refugee status. He begins a life in Melbourne and, through hard work and hope, establishes a rug-selling business.More good news comes when Najaf is granted Permanent Residency Status, which not only means he can stay in Australia for good, but also that his wife, Hakima, and daughter, Maria, can move to Australia and join him in Melbourne. Overwhelmed by happiness and appreciation of the seemingly imp ossible things that have happened, Najaf thanks god for his good fortune and promises to remember and honour those Afghanis who were not able to survive the countrys violent con? icts. Character summaries Najaf Mazari The central character and fabricator. The narrator is in his mid 30s when he tells his story.Najaf is a young boy, teenager and young man in the story. He is less than eight years old when operative as a shepherd boy in Shar Shar and about 12 when he begins his rugmaking apprenticeship. Insight Publications 2010 4 Gorg Ali Najafs much admired eldest brother. In keeping with Afghani tradition, Gorg Ali takes over as head of the family when Najafs father dies. Gorg Ali is a gentle man who believes that ? ghting is senseless and futile. He works as a tinsmith and a beekeeper. Gorg Ali is killed by a stray bullet when he goes to tend the family beehives near Shar Shar. Abdul Ali Najafs second-eldest brother.When Gorg Ali dies, Abdul Ali becomes the head of the family a nd bears the ? nancial burden that results from the mortar attack on the familys home. Abdul Ali is more hot-headed than Gorg Ali and subjects Najaf to several blows about the head when he discovers Najaf has secretly quit his job as a blacksmith. Abdul Ali is a butcher. Rosal Ali Najafs younger brother. Rosal Ali is dispiritedly irresponsible, mischievous and cheeky. He frequently provokes Najafs anger. Najaf, as the older brother, lectures Rosal Ali. Rosal Ali is killed when the Mazaris home is destroyed in the mortar attack.Najafs mother An important member of the Mazari family. Najafs mother has the ? nal say on her sons marriage plans and rules the inside of the house in partnership with the head of the family. In turn, Najaf is respectful to his mother and often acts protectively towards her. Najaf sees his mother (and the rest of his family) on a number of occasions after leaving Afghanistan, when he undertakes rug-buying trips to Pakistan. Hakima Najafs wife. She is the sam e age as Najaf they link at the age of 27. Hakima stays in Pakistan between 2001, when Najaf ? es Afghanistan, and 2006, when she is granted permission by the Australian government to join Najaf in Australia. Insight Publications 2010 5 Maria Najaf and Hakimas daughter. Maria is just a baby when Najaf sends her and Hakima to safety in Pakistan. She is reunited with her father ? ve years later. Robin An Australian woman who becomes Najafs close at hand(predicate) friend in Australia. She helps Najaf learn English and holds a party to celebrate his achievements in his new home. Colin A Melbourne rug dealer who helps Najaf with his business. He drives Najaf to the airport to be reunited with Hakima and Maria. Insight Publications 2010 BACKGROUND & CONTEXT Con? ict in Afghanistan Najafs homeland has a long history of violent and bitter armed con? ict that spans centuries. This is partially due to the regions geography. As Najaf says, just look at the location of Afghanistan on a map of Asia and the Middle East, with neighbours and near-neighbours like Russia, Pakistan and Iran (p. 34). The area has howling(a) geographical and strategic signi? cance. Foreign powers, from the ancient Macedonians through to the colonial British and communist Russians, have striven to secure territory or allies there, with little fancy for the desires of the local people.Anger towards foreign invaders is evident in Najafs observation that Afghanistan and Afghanis were supposed to ? t into the political strategies of the powerful (p. 35). Afghanis tried to ? ght off invaders, and also fought each other as various tribal and ethnic groups each attempted to stake out their own parcels of territory. In the period from 1973 to 2000, ? ve separate con? icts took place in Afghanistan, including civil wars (armed con? ict between opposing parties within one country) and international wars (armed con? ct between two or more countries). This particularly turbulent period commenced when M ohammad Daoud Khan assumed power in a military coup. Daoud failed to deliver much-needed economic and social reform and was ultimately overthrown in a second coup in 1978. This uprising was led by the Marxist Nur Mohammad Taraki, who implemented a liberal and socialist agenda, replacing religious and traditional laws with secular, Marxist ones. Taraki was concisely ousted by Ha? zullah Amin, who was in turn replaced in yet another coup by Babrak Karmal.Najaf recalls that, by the time he was 13, Afghanistan had been ruled by tetrad presidents, all of whom represented the Communist Party (pp. 14950). Karmal was supported by the Russian government, or controlled by it, as Najaf suggests (p. 11), and continued to implement Marxist reforms. While many people in the cities either approved of these changes or were ambivalent about them, many traditional and conservative Afghanis in villages and rural areas were bitterly opposed. Opposition groups, cognize as mujahedin (holy Muslim warri or), began to form. The Insight Publications 2010

Romeo’s Diary

I truly believe I am the luckiest man alive. Friar Lawrence has finally agree to match me and Juliet later today. Rosalind is my tickers old desire, but my heart doth gape for Juliet. She doth teach the torches to burn bright with her exquisite beauty. I have been frivolous until now believing my heart belonged to Rosalind.Is savour a tender thing? Loving her felt like a feather of lead, true her beauty astounded me, but my unrequited love towards her vexed my soul. I longed to be with her, but she wanted to remain chaste, causing me great amounts of pain that pricked like thorns. I could not forget about Rosalind, she was ever in my thoughts, but I was purblind to ever think she could love me. I now realise my feelings for her were false and fanciful. What my heart now feels is not some other fantasy my new love get hold ofs all my strength and makes every other woman look like miserable hags. How I wish I had interpreted my own advice sooner. I was terribly unhappy this morni ng, and looking back, I was a pathetic, immature sibling, hanging on to what I was felt for Rosalind, now vowed to an eternity of chastity. We some(prenominal) loved different attributes, it is only fitting we remain this way.To begin with I was extremely confused and slightly arrogant as to why she did not abridge an interest in me. I am always unsure about what to do about the situation, and talking to my friends about it is usually an inexcusable NO. But, I was bewildered as to which path to take, I told Benvolio, which looking back was the correct decision the only friend that wouldnt laugh or take off for a drink. I told him of my problem and strangely his advice was to help him crash a Capulet party, to enjoy myself and remember how Rosalind is not the end of the world. There are plenty other beauties in the world. Immediately, I recoiled and did not believe anything that spurted out of his mouth. I only allowed him to drag me along to the party as to not worry them. Was tha t the right thing to do?This never-ending grudge between our ill-fated families bound me, and the fighting between such parties is a disgraceful burden, holding me back, as so I cannot take the fair lady Juliet in my arms. My hot tempered friend accompanied by the vengeful Benvolio encountered a hurtful opposition in that of the brute Tybalt and umpteen of his serving men. Sooner or later all will die under the wielding of a weapon. My father later drew his unsheathed weapon of that against passe-partout Capulet, when will this silly brutality come to a close. A last Prince came and took charge, but I cannot help but think if this is the attitude I wish to translate if I finally want to elope and continue the family name. Do I need to grow up?Suddenly, no sooner as I had pulled on my visor, I met eyes with the most beautiful girl created. She made my lovely Rosalind look like a hag, and one more shot of Cupids arrow and I was in love, yet again with a younger beauty.