A comparison between Jane Eyre and Fanny Price Essay Example For Students

A comparison between Jane Eyre and Fanny Price Essay There are many things that can be compared between Jane Eyre and Fanny Price, and I will focus on the fact that they are both orphans that grow up to be independent women. The two are so different yet also so much the same. In the following analysis, I will compare these two characters and decide who can be viewed as the stronger character. To start, we can say that both Jane and Fanny are orphans. They are both sent to live with family and destined to become outcasts from the start. Jane is not readily accepted by her family. This is also true of Fanny. They are only similar in the fact that they are orphans. Fannys character is different from Jane because Jane is an independent individual. Fanny is much more reserved and independent, while Jane has a much more outspoken personality. Jane Eyre struggles to resist those around her from changing her. Her self-devotion causes her many sufferings, but she survives these and becomes a stronger woman. Jane grows up in a Victorian period where women were not seen as equals. She was born an orphan into a family that had no more room to love another child. Jane faced much resentment in the house, but being the strong-minded character that she is, she confronts Mrs. Reed. She says, I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you; but I declare that I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world. Jane Eyre grows up questioning authority. She is an independent soul with an independent mind. She will not tolerate being walked over. She shows her strength in all aspects of her life including her love for Rochester. The fact that she is an orphan shows us how the absence of a mother contributes to the void of nurturing, therefore, giving the character possession of internal strength and independence. In Mansfield Park, Fanny can be seen as an orphan as well. She is sent to Mansfield to live with her relatives because her mother is unfit to take care of her. She grows up at Mansfield rejected by her Aunt and as an outcast among her cousins. She is independent but not outspoken. She only finds true friendship with Edmund. She struggles in the beginning to overcome her homesickness, and her longing for her relationship with her brother. Edmund is the only vice that sees her through her struggle. She is not as outspoken as Jane, but she is as strong-minded. She knows what she wants and if she could stand up for herself, she can obtain it. Her determination helps her to gain strength. Self-respect dominates the theme of Jane Eyre, whereas in Mansfield Park the story deals with more moral issues concerning class and family. In Jane Eyre, the idea of gender and class structure is very evident between Jane and Rochester. She is a hardworking governess and he, her much wealthier employer. In Mansfield  Park, Fannys interest in Edmund also tests society. For any kind of interest in each other would be wrong during that time. The story itself tests society in ways of the characters going against the duty of their lives. For example, Edmund is jumping out of the lineage by wanting to become a clergyman. Also, his attraction to Fanny and hers to him was considered immoral in 19th century England because of their relationship. Returning back to Jane, we can see how society could feel that her romance with Rochester was wrong. But even Jane is independent enough to leave him when he threatens her beliefs. She remains true to her beliefs, no matter what. Even when that means spending three days wandering around and almost dying for her choices. .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .postImageUrl , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:hover , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:visited , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:active { border:0!important; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:active , .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1685b139edf60bb5f985821d7d0c48d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Gatsby, written by Scott F. EssayOne theme that remains true to both novels is that both stories defy the norms of society. In Mansfield Park, the characters go against all duties and the idea of the structure of family. The theatrical in the book even furthers their attempts to do everything against what it right and moral at that time. In Jane Eyre, there are some problematic issues with gender and class structure. Throughout both novels, Jane and Fanny remain true to themselves, which proves to be no small accomplishment. They both struggle with difficult issues. They do not present a picture of achieving freedom, but yet the dangers of defying societies conve ntions. Although both stories capture the strength and independence of the characters, I personally believe Jane to be the stronger woman. She is defiant and outspoken right from the start, which would swallow Fannys original timid responses. The fact that they are both orphans contributes to their struggles to become young women. The motherless approach to writing seems evident in stories of 19th century England. This may be to show how the characters can survive on self-reliance.

Van Gogh essay Example For Students

Van Gogh essay It seems when one closes their bedroom door all mundane thoughts are gone and you are left with your imagination. One who agrees with this interpretation is Jane Flanders. Jane Flanders is a highly educated woman, as she attended Mar College and Columbia University, she has three books of poems published and has won many awards. A person whose mind is always running and always working such as hers can agree that rest for the imagination is the best way to strengthen it. One simple painting of his bed and petite, creaky room and one simple four stanza poem shows how materialistic possessions can never reflect the human soul, simplicity in life heightens creativity ND how solitude doesnt have to be a negative aspect in life. l can tell you that for my part I will try to keep a straight course, and will paint the most simple, the most common things (Van Gogh, 545). This was written in a letter to Vincent brother Thee, Van Gogh is declaring how he now wants to live his life: straight forward and simple. We will write a custom essay on Van Gogh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As one can see in the painting he did not accumulate many riches in his life. He never kept heirlooms or anything of wealthy status. His bedroom as described in the poem is is narrow Clumsy but friendly Empty (Flanders, Van Sagos Bed). The pictures on the wall are crooked, its a tiny room for one with a narrow window, filled with a table where he works and chairs to sit on. Flanders describes it Just as it is, these adjectives can be not be clearer. To me this proves that materialistic objects in life can never reflect the soul off person. Van Gogh had a talent that millions of apprentices striver for. It was typical for only the rich to be educated and/or learn an artists trade. Its common for the wealthy to obtain more opportunities in life than he poor, yet a man with many personal struggles in his life is known as a man today that is hard to measure up to. Many people believe your status, or what you own is who you are, this is not true. One can see how his bedrooms looks like one of a peasants, yet this status or preconception does not diminish nor prove that he is not gifted or have a remarkable soul. Its like today how homeless people are looked down upon like uneducated, untalented scum but in reality they could be Just as gifted as a privileged person. Just because they struggle in different ways than we do goes not mean their soul is any less valuable. The value of what we own does not determine the value of our souls and being. What creates this value is our imagination, spirit, morals, personality, creativity and expression. These aspects in life help us find our purpose, our materialistic success can never fulfill such a destiny. Without imagination what would life be like? The only word I can think of is lifeless. No childs smile would light up the room, no painting would be filled with color, no Joke would ever hear a laugh, no purpose would there be in life. Just as cells re the building blocks of physical life, imaginations are the building blocks of our purposes in life, whatever they may be. When looking at his painting I take from the simplicity, rest. Rest of the mind, body and spirit, when these three are at rest they grow a unique, metal potential kinetic energy. When one locks themselves away from the world in their bedroom, a safe place where no one can disturb them, their mind is now at ease. There are no worries that can bother them, whatever is out of sight is now out of mind and the mind now becomes clearer. When the mind is clear and jack to its simplistic ways all that is left is imagination and creativity that is free to roam. This is why Van Sagos bed is right next to his work desk where his mind can freely express itself. Its common for all humans to lay in bed and because the complexities of our day is over we no longer have to think about what is next until the morning. .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .postImageUrl , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:hover , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:visited , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:active { border:0!important; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:active , .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc89f2b03b7a666289f25cc6dfbbf4f2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Impressionism and Post Impressionism EssayNothing left is on our lists for us to be preoccupied with. Life complexity cripples creativity, if were constantly thinking about our mundane world, we never have a chance to think about our inner selves. This can also be proven in the color Van Gogh uses. The brilliant, vibrant colors such as orange, yellow, blue and green come to life via simple form. His use of these colors bring his bedroom to life, it proves that even though its a simple picture, its one little thing in life that makes the difference of it Just existing or it living, thats creativity that sparks from imagination. All in all, rest lets our minds breathe and gives us a greater creative potential, and anything else more than simple can deprive us from this. Looking at his painting, one might feel sadness by observing how there are two pillows for one head and two hairs for one body. Being alone is mostly deemed as a negative aspect in life, and it is natural to think that due to humans instinctual being social creatures. Though it is lovely having loved ones in life, solitude is not always negative, you can be alone without feeling lonely. Flanders describes his bedroom as, is empty, morning light pours in like wine, melody, fragrance, the memory of happiness (Flanders, 545). She perfectly shows how emptiness isnt always a hollow pain, but rather a nostalgic memory. Memories were created in that bedroom, paintings with inexplicable expressions of the Joy in life and the sad confusion. Van Gogh wasnt alone, he had himself, he had his artwork, and his imagination alone kept him company. Solitude is one of the many paths to figure out our niche in life, something that he longed for. Learning to be happy alone brings a life time of happiness, you never have to depend on someone or something else to bring you happiness in life. You are always with yourself and loving and enjoying your own company is a stable way to ensure your happiness. Even though Van Gogh is seen historically as an unstable man, solitude ay have given him stability. He didnt seem to fit into the world around him, but the world he understood was his own through art. One can also see in this stanza how Flanders compares the morning light pouring in like wine, a melody or a fragrance, all very simple things that can spark a memory. These may have been things one experienced by themselves resting, reflecting upon them alone, how a memory of an experience learning about themselves can bring self-happiness. This is why solitude is not always a such a bad thing, we are our greatest teachers in life, only we can fulfill our destinies and we can only move to the next step by knowing who we are and we do this through solitude. A painting so simple yet packed with so much. Van Gogh succeeded in showing the viewer what he wanted to portray, how our materialistic life can never reflect the life we live on the inside of ourselves, how when we rest our minds they finally begin to work the way they were destined to and how solitude enables us to progress in our personal purposes in life. Van Gogh states, Its Just simply my bedroom, only here color is to do everything, and giving by TTS simplification a grander style to things, is to be suggestive here of rest or of sleep in general. In a word, to look at the picture ought to rest the brain or rather the imagination (545). Van Gogh shows all he intends to through color, life could not exist in black in white, and nothing would be unique. He uses these bright colors in his unique signature pattern to portray how different ones imagination can change something so simple. Its still simple, Just more valuable, its customized. This shows how materials can never prove who we are, imagination sparks from rest and prospers from ourselves.

My Antonia Name Comparisons essays

My Antonia Name Comparisons essays Willa Cathers masterpiece, My Antonia, is a story of nostalgic wistful relationships, mainly between Antonia Shimerda and Jim Burden. With Jim being the narrator, Willa writes through him with sympathy and an evocative, reminiscent tone. Much can be said about Jim Burden and the stress he holds without Antonia in his life. However, she was always in his heart. Willa carries out many personalities through Jim in secretive ways. As a reader, I interpreted Jims last name (Burden) to fit into his personality, and analyzed this information to see if my hypothesis was correct. Websters Dictionary (and other resources) defines burden as something that is emotionally difficult to bear. A source of great worry or stress. To weigh down or oppress. I felt this to fit right in with Jims personality in the way that he was very disheartened and browbeaten by the fact that he went separate ways with Antonia. He let this oppression get to him, and let Antonia stand out as an abstract figure in his mind. Jim allows himself to descend apart from her rather than lingering close to her. Jim always held that special place in his heart for her however. The burden he carried was very heavy and profound but he just could not let her abscond. He had the memories, as they built up to a greater and greater concrete foundation of longing, longing to someday see his childhood companion once again. Jim remains to grasp the good and bad times in his head. He explains the time he sneaks out of his home to the Firemens Hall dance. He walks Antonia back to the Cutters and asks for a kiss. Soon his hope turns into shame as she rejects him. Yet he was content with her virtue and good value, and he walks home with Antonia in his mind and heart. Times go on and he finds the news of Antonias fianc running away from her. He feels deep grieve for her misfortune. ...

my SWOT Essay Essays

my SWOT Essay Essays my SWOT Essay Essay my SWOT Essay Essay BookletMore information from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/641109/ London Biscuits BHDDescription: Quantitative analyses of fiscal statements ( Income Statement. Balance Sheet and Sources of Capital ) . extended ratio tabular arraies ( Accounting. Asset Utilization. Employee Efficiency. Fixed Charges Coverage. Leverage Analysis. Liquidity Analysis. Per-share Data and Profitability Analysis ) and proprietary Wright Quality Rating analyses tabular arraies. The Wright Quality Rating. a step of corporate hazard. examines the liquidness of the stock. fiscal strength. profitableness and corporate growing features of London Biscuits BHD. There is a textual reappraisal of the fiscal consequences of London Biscuits BHD versus Cocoaland Holdings Bhd. Apollo Food Holdings Berhad and Teck Guan Perdana Berhad. The comparative analysis of these companies compares Gross saless ( gross revenues. gross revenues growing and gross revenues per employee ) . Company Valuations ( Price/Earnings. Price/Book. Price/Sales and 52-Week Price Change ) and Fiscal Position ( Long-term Debt/Equity ) . Besides i ncluded for London Biscuits BHD are the Company Description. Recent Stock Performance. Profitability Analysis. Dividend Analysis. and Key Data Items ( Ticker. Major Industry. Sub-Industry. Fiscal Year End Month. Employees. Share Type. Market Capitalization. Entire Shares Outstanding and Number of Closely Held Shares. ) Additional research for London Biscuits BHDincludes tabular arraies with up to 10-years of history of computed ratios. gross revenues. net incomes. and security monetary values. Contentss: This merchandise typically includes the undermentioned subdivisions:Company Fundamentalss– Company Profile– Comparative Business Analysis– Summary Analysis per Share– Gross saless Analysis– Price Analysis– Net incomes and Dividends AnalysisFiscal Statement Analysiss– Balance Sheet – Common Size– Balance Sheet – Year-Year Percent Change– Balance Sheet – Five-Year Averages- Income Statement – Common Size – Income Statement – Year-Year Percent Change– Income Statement – Five-Year Averages- Sources of CapitalFinancial Ratio Analyses– Accounting Ratios- Asset Utilization- Employee Efficiency– Fixed Charges Coverage – Leverage Analysis– Liquidity Analysis- Per-Share Data– Profitability AnalysisWright Quality Rating Analysiss– Investment Credence– Financial Strength– Profitability and Stability– Corporate Gro wthNotes:– Report is included when there are five or more old ages of informations history. - Report is included when employee counts are available.- These studies are non produced for Financial Companies. Ordering: Order Online – hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/641109/ Order by Fax – utilizing the signifier belowOrder by Post – print the order signifier below and direct toResearch and Markets.Guinness Centre.Deems taylors Lane.Dublin 8.Ireland. Page 1 of 2Fax Order FormTo put an order via facsimile merely publish this signifier. fill in the information below and facsimile the completed signifier to 646-607-1907 ( from USA ) or +353-1-481-1716 ( from Rest of World ) . If you have any inquiries please visit hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/contact/ Order InformationPlease verify that the merchandise information is right.Merchandise Name: London Biscuits BHD Web Address: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/641109/ Office Code: OC8DIPRONORURY Merchandise FormatPlease choose the merchandise format and measure you require:MeasureElectronic ( PDF ) Single User: ˆ75 Contact InformationPlease enter all the information below in BLOCK CAPITALSTitle:First Name: Mister Mrs Dr MissLast Name: Email Address: *Job Title:Administration:Address:City:Postal / Zip Code:State:Telephone Number:Fax Number:* Please chorus from utilizing free electronic mail histories when telling ( e. g. Yahoo. Hotmail. AOL ) Multiple sclerosis Professor Page 2 of 2Payment InformationPlease bespeak the payment method you would wish to utilize by choosing the appropriate box. Pay by recognition card: American ExpressDiners ClubMaster CardVisaCardholder’s NameCardholder’s SignatureTermination DateCard NumberCVV NumberIssue Date( for Diners Club merely ) Wage by cheque: Please post the cheque. accompanied by this signifier. to:Research and Markets.Guinness Center.Deems taylors Lane.Dublin 8.Ireland. Wage by wire transportation: Please reassign financess to:Account figure 833 130 83 Sort codification 98-53-30 Swift codification ULSBIE2D IBAN figure IE78ULSB98533083313083 Bank Address Ulster Bank.27-35 Main Street.Blackrock.Co. Dublin.Ireland. If you have a Marketing Code please enter it below:Marketing Code:Please note that by telling from Research and Markets you are holding to our Footings and Conditionss at hypertext transfer protocol: //www. researchandmarkets. com/info/terms. asp Please facsimile this signifier to:( 646 ) 607-1907 or ( 646 ) 964-6609 – From USA+353-1-481-1716 or +353-1-653-1571 – From Rest of World

Marketing Plan for Oak Creek Soccer Tournament Term Paper

Marketing Plan for Oak Creek Soccer Tournament - Term Paper Example The revenues generated from the tournament will be used for the promotion of this sport across the region to build better and competitive soccer teams. The entire marketing plans focuses on two primary objectives, first is how to give the maximum coverage to the entire event and secondly how to get the maximum possible responses from those inputs while providing exemplary social advocacy and entertainment to the people. Market Place Analysis for Oak Creek Soccer Tournament Young Soccer Club, which is working in collaboration with McLean Youth Soccer and Oak Creek Soccer Club was able to acquire plenty of information about the current situation of availability of the Soccer sport in Oak Creek Southeastern Milwaukee County. In the previous almost every sports event that has taken place in the Oak Creek was able to attract a large number of spectators leading towards success. These types of events have proven to the beneficial for the growth of many sponsor companies in the region and h ave led to the increase of interest of the sports among the people. This clearly shows that the people have the love of sports and need more opportunities to explore other arenas of sports and entertainment. The current sports related community is in the county is already well aware of this sport but due to lack of grass root professionalism and related events of this sport that provide quality and effective management can lead to success. In addition, the unavailability of many wide scale opportunities for Soccer sports but the availability of material resources like the Soccer ground and related equipment makes it a viable opportunity to explore. There are seven college levels teams for Soccer with most of those players have played the game only thrice in the last 6 months at the college level. Four local clubs manage six community teams that play the sport every fortnightly. Most of these community teams are active for over 5 years showing the commitment to the sport. There are t wo college level Soccer teams at the moment and two at the community level that are specifically limited to women, showing the involvement of the women in the sport. Most of the clubs are self-managed with little or no patron-ship from any concern. There have been held two club level Soccer tournaments in the past 5 years due to lack of resources and efficient management but every tournament had massive success and acceptance in Oak Creek Southeastern Milwaukee County. SWOT Analysis for Oak Creek Soccer Tournament The SWOT analysis is based on neutral market research done by the Young Soccer Club and other related Soccer associations including the Oak Creek Soccer Club and Wisconsin Youth Soccer. Strengths A potential growth opportunity for the sponsors A potential growth opportunity for the Soccer related sports businesses Growth of sport and social awareness in the Oak Creek Support from the local community, educational institutes and local clubs Willingness of the local clubs to become potential partners in the association and play a vital role in the success of the event The promise of the Milwaukee government to provide Soccer sport facilities to the educational institutes in the near future Available and maintained soccer ground Weaknesses Weak base of the soccer sport in the community Insufficient support from businesses and local politicians Insufficient promotion of

Chick-Fil-A - Servant Leadership and Success Research Paper - 1

Chick-Fil-A - Servant Leadership and Success - Research Paper Example Samuel Truett Cathy, the Chief Executive and founder of the restaurant believes that individuals must have the opportunities to enhance their living standards through serving the communities (Chic-fil-A, 2013). Some customer offerings include chicken entrees, salads, waffle fries, sandwiches, desserts and fresh-squeezed lemonade. The high expansion success can be dedicated to the committed franchise owners and emphasis on product quality (Chic-fil-A, 2013). In 1946, Samuel Truett Cathy opened the first Dwarf Grill restaurant in Atlanta. He introduced Christian values to the restaurant since its inception (Chic-fil-A, 2013). Cathy has overseen the expansion of the restaurant to more than 1,700 outlets in 39 states across the United States. He is a committed servant leader who believes in serving others without expecting a return and making a difference in the communities (Chic-fil-A, 2013). Cathy has built his restaurant bases on the values of quality, hard work, biblical principles, humility and the restaurants have a ‘closed-on-Sunday’ policy. Cathy holds several awards and recognitions including the President’s Call to Service Award (2008), William. E. Simon prize for Philanthropic leadership (2008) and Cecil B. Day Ethics Award (2007). Chic-fil-A has grown to become the second largest quick-service restaurant in the United States based on annual sales (Chic-fil-A, 2013). The mission of Chic-fil-A is to ‘glorify God by being faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us; and to have a positive influence on all who come in contact with the restaurant’ (Amason, 2010). The company has remained faithful to the mission through its corporate sponsorships, WinShape Foundation and several social responsibility initiatives that aim at helping the needy in the communities. The vision of Chic-fil-A is to become a leader fast food restaurant industry and satisfy the changing needs of the customer (Amason, 2010). The

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay Example for Free

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay The Reformation era was a time of great change in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans were attempting to make sense of the frightening events that were happening, such as the Black Death and famine. To find meaning in a world that seemed in constant chaos, early modern Europeans looked to find patterns that would set things right. â€Å"The Reformation would not have happened if ordinary people had not convinced themselves that they were actors in a cosmic drama plotted by God: that in the Bible he had left them a record of his plans and directions as to how to carry them out. † The Reformations brought a new direction of faith, where one had to be more active in one’s own salvation. They also brought a profound sense of the fear of hell, and this directed much of the actions of the reformed. The Reformations were a catalytic force in the rise of the witch hunts during sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Europe because they brought a new emphasis on the fear of the devil, a new direction of faith that required personal accountability and brought a sense of guilt to the one that felt they were not doing as they should, and did away with the familiar tokens and practices of magic that characterized an aspect of pre-Reformation, early modern European religion. The Reformations also contributed to the decline of the witch hunts as theology evolved during the time period to include an awareness of the sovereignty of God as well as Biblical literalism. The Reformations contributed to the development of the witch hunts in several ways, the first being a new emphasis on the fear of the devil. In terms of the Protestant Reformation, this was not necessarily a contradiction to former Catholic beliefs of demonology, as Catholics had an awareness of the presence of the devil. It was simply a new heightened fear of the devil and his influence in the world. â€Å"Although the great reformers did little to change traditional Catholic demonology, they did tend to emphasize the presence of the Devil in the world and exhibit a more profound fear of him.† Catholic theology incorporated the presence of the Devil, but did not adopt the concept of diabolical power. However, during the Counter-Reformation, Catholics became just as diligent in expressing this fear of the Devil. â€Å"Catholic priests often matched their Protestant colleagues in convincing their parishioners of Satan’s omnipresence and in raising their fears of him. They could also be equally effective in encouraging them to campaign ceaselessly against him.† This awareness of diabolical activity for both the Protestants and Catholics was a new phenomenon, and it was a beginning phase in the persecution of witches during the Reformation era in that witchcraft came to be viewed as the work of the Devil. Along with this new emphasis on the danger of the Devil and diabolical temptation was an emphasis on one being active in leading a morally conscious life and being responsible for one’s own salvation. â€Å"Instead of merely encouraging conformity to certain standards of religious observance (such as attending church), the reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries instructed the people to lead a more demanding, morally rigorous life.† Personal sanctity became the new means for one’s salvation. A side effect of the emphasis on personal piety was a deep sense of sin that people sought to relieve in any way possible. Naturally, one of the methods of relief was projection of guilt onto another person. A person regarded as a witch often took the brunt of that projection during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. â€Å"[I]n sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, many accusations arose when individuals refused to provide economic assistance to people who needed it and who came to one’s door asking for it. In denying this aid, which both Catholic and Protestant moral teaching enjoined, the person naturally felt guilty, but by depicting the unaided person as a witch and therefore as a moral aggressor unworthy of support, he could rid himself of the guilt he was experiencing.† Projection of guilt on to the witch eliminated the responsibility of the pious person to cope with it, as the witch was seen as someone practicing morally dubious acts. The traditional blend of pagan forms of magic and religion in Europe came under attack during the Reformations, which changed the methodology of early modern Europeans. In the opinions of the reformers, this was an effort to teach people the true Christian faith and proper forms of worship. â€Å"One of the main purposes of this instruction was to purify the faith by eradicating superstitious beliefs and practices, eliminating vestiges of paganism and suppressing magic (the great rival of true religion) in all its forms.† In the minds of the reformers, anything that was not expressly from the Bible was not true. Furthermore, a belief in anything not found in what was believed to be the direct word of God, the Bible, was a sin. â€Å"Those persons who sought to use objects for purposes which nature could not justify were guilty of idolatry, superstition, and at least implicitly of soliciting the aid of the Devil.† This contributed to the witch hunts in that it took away the usual forms of protection that those who believed themselves victims of witches were accustomed to, such as using the sign of the cross or holy water, as the reforme rs considered these to be external tokens that distracted one from true communion with God. â€Å"When that happened, the victims of witchcraft could easily have been led to the conclusion that the only way to deal with witches was to take legal action against them, thus leading to an increase in the number of prosecutions.† The prosecutions of those suspected of witchcraft was a new direction for dealing with a familiar problem, brought about by the societal shifts that the Reformations brought to early modern Europe. Just as the Reformations contributed to the growth of the witch hunts, they also contributed to their decline. This can be attributed to such things as the Protestant emphasis on the sovereignty of God and Protestant Biblical literalism. The Protestant view of the sovereignty of God made the idea of the Devil’s diabolical power a heresy, as this implied that the Devil had power equal to that of God’s. â€Å"The insistence upon God’s sovereignty led a number of Protestant writers and preachers to deny the Devil’s ability to produce certain types of marvels, such as hailstorms, and this fostered a scepticism toward maleficia that involved such wonders.† To the reformers, God’s sovereignty not only meant that the Devil did not have equal power to God’s, but that he was under God’s control. â€Å"And therefore let us mark (as experience also shows) devils may work many illusions by enchantments. And truly such things are not done in the dark. For as long as we are enlightened by God, we need not fear that a man shall seem a wolf to us, or that such trishtrash shall get the upper hand of us.† This evolving theology changed the view on the diabolical power of the Devil through witches in that God’s power began to be viewed as absolute and God’s word as absolute truth. Protestant reformers’ focus on Biblical literalism contributed to the course of the witch hunts in that the Bible contained very few references to witches, and none to devil-worship. The Bible also gave evidence of the restraints that God placed on the Devil’s power. â€Å"Calvinism may have encouraged people to engage in an incessant war with Satan, but it also encouraged them eventually to define exactly what he could do and to adopt [a] purely spiritual view of him.† Therefore, the previously held belief in the diabolical power of Satan, and the fear of the Devil, were virtually eliminated. The Reformations brought great change to early modern Europe – a new direction of faith, a new sense of the fear of Hell, a new emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation, and the elimination of magic as an aspect of life. These changes drove an increase in the witch hunts as early modern Europeans sought to make sense of the changes the Reformations brought by recognizing the witch as an instrument of evil rather than a practitioner, a projection on to the witch of their own guilt for sin, and the removal of magic as a familiar token of comfort when attempting to cope with their surroundings. Likewise, as the Reformations caused an increase in the witch hunts, they added to their decline as the reformers introduced the sovereignty of God which took away the diabolical power of the Devil, and the acceptance of the Bible as a literal instruction manual where mention of witches and worship of the Devil was virtually absent. Works Cited Calvin, John. Sermon on Deuteronomy (1550). In Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, by Alan Charles and Peters, Edward Kors, 267. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Levack, Brian. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971. [ 1 ]. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 550. [ 2 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 112. [ 3 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 4 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 5 ]. Ibid, 115. [ 6 ]. Ibid, 117. [ 7 ]. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971), 256. [ 8 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 118. [ 9 ]. Ibid, 128. [ 10 ]. John Calvin, Sermon on Deuteronomy (1555), in Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, ed. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) 267. [ 11 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 129.