Discipleship Counseling and Helping Others Find Healing Through Christ

This was a paper for the Christian Counseling course I took earlier this year. Abstract This paper identifies what some causes of thinking errors are, how they develop and affect an individual on a day to day basis. It will also review how some defense mechanisms are used to survive a traumatic event and ways that these can be overcome. Ultimately, it will examine the importance of a relationship with and learning trust in the Lord Jesus Christ, and how this integrates into the healing process.It will review how individuals may learn to form a bond with God and thereby overcome the negative situations and experiences they have had in life. Additionally it will clarify how neglecting to forgive offenses can hold an individual back from a true and fulfilling relationship with God, self, and others. The intent is to create a clear overview of the healing process from a walled-up state to an individual on the road to recovery, thereby identifying and learning healthy coping skills and so und thinking processes while building new core beliefs of self-worth and value.Discipleship Counseling and Helping Others Find Healing Through Christ The way a child is raised will determine their disposition towards positive or negative habits, thoughts and behaviors (Anderson, 2003 p. 330). They will treat others, including their own children, as their parents taught them. In time, they may come to see the errors in the behaviors, or at minimum feel that something is not quite right and wish to change but are unsure where to go or what those changes should be. There are many factors which lead a person to seek help or guidance from a counselor, therapist, or clergy.A life-changing event may have occurred, such as a death in the family, or an upcoming marriage. For many it is that they have come to the end of their rope and just cannot handle the stressors anymore (Myers, 2002 p. 520). They are looking for hope, help, and a way to resolve the hidden skeletons in the closet (Anderso n, 2003). Faulty Thinking and Thinking Errors Everyone has thoughts, or a progression of thoughts, which may or may not follow a healthy or typical pattern. Thoughts are the basis of all decision making.How a person chooses to act or react to any situation is indicative of the underlying thought. Actions are a result of the attitude and perception of the environment, or world that surrounds them. These actions have the potential to change when the thought which supports the attitude is changed (Myers, 2002 p. 139). A person needs to be guided to understand that their choices are not merely an act but also an â€Å"attitude that reflects a belief† (Anderson, 2003 p. 291). Three major areas of concern in counseling are: a dysfunctional family background, personal problems, and spiritual problems (Anderson, 2003).After a traumatizing experience, an individual is prone to develop thinking errors or â€Å"faulty thinking† (Anderson, 2003). The trauma could be something as s imple as a child losing a favorite toy or even a helium balloon, as severe as what a soldier experiences in the throes of war, or a battered woman or man experiences over the course of years in a problematic or abusive relationship. According to Wheeler (2007) trauma is a natural part of the human or physical experience (p. 132-141) and it is important to note that it affects all aspects of the individual.Sometimes a thinking error is all a matter of perspective, and reality checks can help provide a change of perspective. It can be challenging to step back from the situation to identify that there is more than one solution to a problem. Thinking errors can also come from a lie that someone has been told multiple times, from someone they respect or look to as an authority figure, which they believe as a real truth. These false concepts will lead the individual to form a wall of defense using various methods (Anderson, 2003).Cognitive distortions are identifiable errors in thinking a nd include: â€Å"all-or-nothing thinking; overgeneralization; mental filter; discounting the positive; jumping to conclusions; magnification; emotional reasoning; should statements; labeling; and personalization and blame† (Yurica & DiTomasso, 2005). The counselee needs to be made aware of the cognitive distortions they are using, so they can change their way of thinking. By so doing, they will be able to cease using thinking errors and in time develop a healthier set of thought processes.The end goal of treatment is to successfully help the counselee understand cognitively and emotionally that they no longer need to listen to the committee in their mind (Anderson, 2003 p. 308). Coping Mechanisms and Dissociation Coping mechanisms can help an individual survive trauma, but in general the individual needs to be trained away from using them during the healing process. The mind has in place a defense mechanism when the original trauma occurred; in some cases it leaves a lapse i n the individual’s memory (Anderson, 2003).The body remembers what has been blocked temporarily from the mind and as situations occur in life, the individual will recall the associated emotion, situation or actual physical pain (Copeland & Harris, 2000, p. 115). For some this occurs as they dissociate from where they are at the present, and are essentially in a split-level of conscious (Myers, 2002). In a sense, this means that the person is physically in one place while their mind is disconnected and seemingly elsewhere. When they reconnect, they have no recollection of what happened in their physical state.As a victim justifies the actions of their abuser, they are minimizing the abuse which has occurred (Anderson, 2003 p. 273). If they make it seem less, then in their mind, it does not feel as bad as it actually was. By doing this, they are using codependency to cope with their current circumstance, and have written their life script to take on the role of caretaker (Ander son, 2003 p. 280 & Jones, 1997). They live each day with the hope that the person they are codependent with will finally change and they themselves will be accepted, and of value and worth. These people will ever find true happiness until they are lead to understand their true value and worth as individuals, through their divine nature as children of God. It is important to note that the defense mechanisms and coping skills which are used to survive trauma and its after effects are not instantly changed. The individual cannot even begin the process of healing until they have identified what coping/defense mechanisms they are using. While it is possible to educate someone about the tools they have used, it will take time as they heal and rediscover who they are in Christ, before they can fully let the behaviors (Anderson, 2003 p. 18). Any crisis a person experiences can lead them to unify or divide, to progress or regress, and bring them closer to or farther away from God. Every pers on needs to be helped to the point that they are able to cope with the experiences of life without reverting to using their damaging coping mechanisms or codependency (Dockery, 2000 p. 41). Guiding them to let go of the crutch of the coping skills can be done by helping them to learn to forgive offenses, whether real or perceived. Forgiving Perceived OffensesWhen someone does something which is hurtful, or perceived as hurtful, it is in the best interest of the person hurt to forgive the offense. The connection between forgiveness and moral anger is essentially solid and cannot be broken (Griswold, 2007 p. 67). There are two levels of forgiving: Cognitive and Emotional. A cognitive decision to forgive is a choice made in one’s mind, whether coerced or not. In many cases, as an individual forgives because they feel compelled to forgive, they retain the negative feelings and complete only a cognitive or decisional forgiveness.Unfortunately, this leaves the emotional hurt within the injured person. As long as the offense goes unresolved, the feelings associated with it, will â€Å"eat at the person who does not reduce those negative emotions in some way† (Clinton, Hart & Ohschlager, 2005 p. 122). The scriptures clearly instruct mankind to forgive others until seventy times seven (Matthew 18:22) and to take a Christ-like approach by forgiving as Christ has forgiven (Colossians 3:13). Forgiveness not only means letting go of the offense, but to also overcome any negative emotions associated with it.This includes feelings (including resentment) such as contempt and scorn as they are also forms of â€Å"moral hatred† (Griswold, 2007 p. 69). While it is relatively easy to discuss forgiveness, it is another thing altogether to accomplish it. The injured party may feel that the wrong-doing needs more recompense than was achieved. As they learn to empathize with the offender, some of the negative emotions may be released over time (Clinton et al, 200 5 p. 127). Forgiveness is not a habit that can be formed in a day; it takes practice and a will to achieve it.Some suggestions for improving one’s ability to forgive are: meditate on forgiveness-specific scriptures daily, start a journal and record thoughts each day on forgiveness, and find a good book about forgiveness and use it for morning and evening devotions (Clinton et al, 2005 p. 133). Often forgotten is the need of the injured to forgive themselves for past failures. This is something which they will need to apply to their lives moving forward, keeping in mind that only God can forgive their sins (Anderson, 2003 p. 259).As they practice forgiving their own failures and shortcomings, they will more readily forgive the failures of others which they may have perceived as an offense. It is best put by Anderson,( 2003) â€Å"Forgiving ourselves is actually receiving forgiveness from God† (p. 260). One thing the injured individual needs to come to better understand is that Christ paid the ultimate sacrifice for the sins and transgressions of all mankind. This act made it His option to forgive, and a requirement for all mankind as it says in D&C 64:10 â€Å"I, the Lord, will forgive whom I will forgive, but of you it is required to forgive all men. Forgiving others is a choice that is made individually, and by choosing to forgive completely, one is choosing to live with joy. God is on the journey with us, through the grief and pain and He supplies the joy and hope during struggles, and laughter in times of pain (Dockery, 2000 p. 202). Core Needs/Beliefs (biblical view/self-worth) An individual’s core belief of self-worth can and will affect how they choose to respond to offenses they receive, whether intentional or inadvertent.If they are of a Christian persuasion, they will more readily accept that Christ is their Redeemer and has already suffered for the sins which they are required to forgive of others. With this background, the inju red party can be guided to acknowledge their divine nature as a child of God. Satan was allowed into the individual’s life through openings he was given, either by them or as a result of circumstances (Anderson, 2003). As it says in Myers, 2002, â€Å"Character, it is said, is reflected in what we do when we think no one is looking† (p. 43). This is a spiritual battle for the mind, as the Prince of Darkness also has a hold on the individual. They will likely have thoughts that they are of no worth, do not deserve the Savior’s sacrifice, and that God does not love them (Anderson, 2003). They need to be reminded that these thoughts are lies, as God would never stop loving His children. This is reiterated in the scriptures Isaiah 49:15 as God will remember and have compassion on His children much like a woman who cannot forget her sucking child.Accepting the truth, and choosing to have faith, because it is a choice, may be challenging at first as the counselee has believed a lie for so long. â€Å"Satan hates the truth and deplores the light, and unfortunately, so do people who have something to hide† (Anderson, 2003 p. 358). This is also reiterated in 1 Nephi 16:2 â€Å"The guilty taketh the truth to be hard, for it cutteth them to the very center† as well as in John 3:20 â€Å"For everyone that doeth evil hateth the light, neither cometh to the light, lest his deeds should be reproved. †By believing a lie and allowing it to perpetuate itself in their mind, they have effectively abandoned themselves. They need to be reminded that God is there, cares for and expects them to cooperate by caring for themselves (Beattie, 1992 p. 108). The individual will need to identify the false thoughts, and renounce them, to cast aside the devil. It is crucial they understand that to have true faith means they must let go of the lie, as it says in Luke 16:13, â€Å"Ye cannot serve God and Mammon†. It is not possible to â€Å"beli eve the truth and the lie at the same time and still experience your freedom in Christ† (Anderson, 2003 p. 21). As the believer chooses to exercise God’s authority by obeying His commands, they will come to see that they are able to utilize the authority of Christ to keep the devil at bay. By so doing they are taking their place with Christ and standing for the right (Anderson, 2003 p. 224). They also need to come to the understanding that they can (and need) to take accountability for their thoughts. If they choose to banish the negative and doubting thoughts, their minds can become a safe haven for them and for God.This was the purpose of the atonement of Christ (Anderson, 2003 p. 230). The individual can take control of their thoughts by stating â€Å"I am a child of God† and commanding the bad spirits, by the authority of Christ, to leave them (Anderson, 2003). The more they practice this, the greater their belief will become, and in the long run will make it possible to maintain freedom from the negative thoughts. Only through acknowledging that they are truly loved and of worth by their Heavenly Father can they obtain a real sense of self-worth (Anderson, 2003 p. 299). DiscussionWhile the ways that people choose to address and cope with their life experiences differ, the process towards resolution is essentially the same. When a person experiences trauma or crisis, they tend to find a way of coping with things as best they can. They need to address the problem, identify how they are coping, and completely turn it over to God. The cognitive distortions which people use to handle the early stressors can lead them to continue the same patterns as occurred during the initial crisis because this feels familiar. These can lead to the use of thinking errors as well as coping mechanisms.While both of these seem helpful while they are in crisis, the trauma event must eventually be worked through. As they come to recognize the coping mechanisms for what they are, they will eventually, come to see the damage it is causing in their lives. They will desire a change, which change of heart can only come through forgiveness and true repentance (from the Greek word â€Å"metanoeo† which means â€Å"change your mind†) through our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Part of the process of working through that event is learning to truly forgive and turn things over to Christ.As they learn to let things go, and release the emotional bindings, they will gain a stronger sense of self-worth. They will also come to truly see and acknowledge their value in the sight of God. They will accept their divine nature and desire to maintain and ever improve that bond. References Anderson, N. T. (2003). Discipleship Counseling: The Complete Guide to Helping Others Walk in Freedom and Grow in Christ. Ventura, CA: Regal Books. Beattie, M. (1992). Codependent No More. Center City, MN: Hazelden . Clinton, T. E. , Hart, A. D. , & Ohschlager, G .W. (2005). Caring for people God's way: Personal and Emotional Issues, Addictions, Grief, and Trauma . Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc.. Copeland, M. E. , ; Harris, M. (2000). Healing the Trauma of Abuse: A women's Workbook. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.. Dockery, K. (2000). When A Hug Won't Fix The Hurt. Birmingham, AL: New Hope. Griswold, C. L. (2007). Forgiveness: a philosophical exploration. Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press. Jones, J. J. (1997). Let's Fix The Kids! A Parenting Resource Manual. (6th ed. ).Westminster, CA: J. J. Jones. Myers, D. G. (2002). Exploring Psychology. (5th ed. ). USA: Worth Publishers. Yurica, C. L. , & DiTomasso, R. A. (2005). Cognitive Distortions. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. (Part 3, pp. 117-122). Wheeler, K. (2007), Psychotherapeutic Strategies for Healing Trauma. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 43: 132–141. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1744-6163. 2007. 00122. x Scriptures are from the Holy Bible King Jame s Version as well as from the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants as published by the LDS Church.

Clean, Well-Lighted Place tone and style

Hemingway has a distinct writing style in a sense that he chooses his words carefully. He is economic in his word choice, so readers must take into consideration the adjectives and adverbs he uses, as he deploys them rarely. His style is simple and laconic, yet effective. Through his use of simple words and short sentences, he delivers the message powerfully and point on rather than employing descriptive, flowery language (as what his Victorian predecessors used).He is also said to be the aster of dialogue, using this mode to characterize and narrate most of the story, as was evident in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place†. Aside from the style and dialogue, another thing to take note about the story is that his tone is dispassionate and unemotional. The writer himself does not even comment on or Judge his characters at all. In the line â€Å"†You should have killed yourself last week,† he [the waiter] said to the deaf man. Hemingway did not add any additional adject ives or adverbs for momentary like for example instead of writing, â€Å"he said harshly' or â€Å"he said cruelly he Just used a simple â€Å"he said†. The tone also adds to the theme of facing nothingness with dignity. The narrator is talking about oblivion in a detached, apathetic way which gives the reader the Impression that the nothingness affects the waiter enough for him to mention it, but his tone suggests he is bold enough to face the issue in dignified, dismissive way; I. E. After all, he said to himself, It's probably only insomnia.

Etched in Our Minds (Rspc Memories) Essay

Hundreds of memories refreshed my mind as I remember the flashbacks and echoes from my time of yore. My past RSPC years were not quite in high spirits. I did not win any contest in Journalism; a sad smile was always drawn on my face every now and then. It was not easy to recover after all the downs, disappointments, dissatisfaction, and setbacks. But this year’s Regional Schools Press Conference brought me into the new world where all dreams came true and fairytales did exist. New friends came into my life and new-fangled memories were made to bring smiles in everyone’s face. Bayugan City is what they call it. This is where the 2012 RSPC was held. Strong competitors battle in for the honour of their division and school. Vigorous cheers and yells rocked in the gymnasium to let everyone know that they have what it takes to be a regional winner and national qualifier. Spanking faces welcomed me into the new chapter of my life as a journalist. Another task to complete and another competition to win. But after all those academic mind activities, still a bunch of crazy friends surround and make me happy as each precious day passes. Typically, journalists from schools are nervous for what topic will be given, who will be their proctors and the question that cannot be beat is â€Å"Will I Win?† Well, everything happens for a reason. Sometimes you have to exert immeasurable efforts to win up a battle but besides the contest. I expect the reminiscences of fun with my co-contestants of my school and the division. I admit that I don’t really know everyone of my division but I do know that everyone of us wanted to meet each other. Wait! I know you are waiting for the love story chapter of this story, right? Well, that part is always present. This I call â€Å"Mr.JE† was with me. A lot of never seen before scenes happened those nights. And remember Mr. _ _ _ _? My greatest enemy? I caught him staring at me, not just once and but 4 times, don’t wonder why I know. I counted it! And surely he also saw me staring at me. Actually, there were three princes with me in RSPC but definitely I know â€Å"Mr.JE† would be my prince in reality. Just kidding! The night before the day that the winners will be aanounced was made memorable. Music videos of Call Me Maybe, Glad You Came and Live While Were Young. I can say that my co-journalists are really crazy and they made everyone including our Tatay Jay and Mama Ghen enjoyed that night. Tumultuous voices and creams of fun filled our headquarter. We did not waste any millisecond, because in life there are no rewinds. At the day of announcing of the first past the post. We did not win in any individual contest but guess what? â€Å"Champion in Collaborative Desktop Publishing Secondary Level English Category, BAGANI†Ã¢â‚¬ , announced by the speaker. Everyone was shocked and traumatized emotions mixed up. We did not expect this to happen and we directly rushed to the stage like we own it. Thanks to our coaches who exerted immense support. As the day slowly come to an end, home sweet home at last. I grabbed my diary and wrote up those recollections. Surely, the exuberance that we had in Bayugan will always be treasured though it will never happen again but it will always be etched in our minds forever.

Growth and Poverty Reduction in China, India and Mongolia Essay

Growth and Poverty Reduction in China, India and Mongolia - Essay Example Although Mongolia's growth is rather modest in comparison, it did register a 7.5% growth rate in 2006 due to an increase in copper prices and in the volume of gold production. China is now second only to the US in per capita purchasing power (PPP) and is projected to surpass it within a decade. It is also projected to become the world's largest economy by 2025. (Economic Strategy Institute) Third. Their concrete experience and lessons learned in the relation between rapid growth and poverty alleviation. Recent economic developments have freed millions of Chinese, Mongolians and Indians from the poverty trap, but hundreds of millions more continue to be impoverished. In many cases growth only increases the gap between the poor and the "newly rich," and between coastal cities and farming communities. China's poor have been especially hit by the privatization of many erstwhile state enterprises and consequences such as the loss of jobs, security of tenure, and other benefits. Fourth. Their long history of interaction and currently changing relations. India and China, and China and Mongolia share common borders; 2,800 kilometers long in the first case, and 1,900 kilometers in the latter. (CIA) Border related hostilities erupted into the 1962 China-India Border War. It was only in 2005, 43 years later, that the two countries forged an agreement for what was called a strategic partnership that could pave the way into a total resolution of border issues and fruitful cooperation. (US AID) Relations between China and Mongolia have also improved recently. In the past, Mongolia's fears of annexation by China and its close relations with the Soviet Union (now the Russian federation) blocked such efforts. Relations between the two countries have improved in the past two decades and by 1994, they had concluded a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. (Rossabi) II. Do Higher Growth Rates Ensure Less Poverty and More Equality The research paper will focus on the relationship between growth and poverty eradication. It will also touch on the interaction between economic growth and observance of political rights in China, India and Mongolia, though to a lesser degree. This is the thesis. Rapid double-digit economic growth has not and does not automatically guarantee prosperity and economic equality. This is illustrated by the experience of China, India and Mongolia. In fact, in too many cases, economic growth has been and is still achieved at the expense of the basic economic and political rights of particular sectors and areas. The responsibility of any and all governments is to develop the specific policies and programs, structures and mechanisms, and clear yardsticks that will ensure not only economic growth, but just as important, the realization of the economic and political rights of each and every citizen. III. Resources for Poverty Alleviation India and China are large and populous countries with resources in the form of their population, work force, land, minerals, infrastructure, technology, and other natural and man made reserves. (CIA) Mongolia's population of 2.5 million is exceedingly small

Purpose statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Purpose statment - Essay Example At the hospital I worked in several departments; I was able to access a lot of information relating to the field of endodontic surgery. At one point during my three weeks at the hospital, I worked as a receptionist. It provided me with an opportunity to interact with patients and dentists. In addition, it provided me with vast knowledge about endodontic dentistry. Moreover, I was the one in charge of arranging appointments, making calls and receiving calls a situation that brought me in close contact with endodontic dentist and patients who suffered from endodontic conditions on a daily basis. Furthermore, being at this dental hospital enhanced my skill in the field of dentistry. In addition during this time I was able to know the challenges associated with field, how the surgery where painful and the problems patients faced when it came to medical schemes covers. In my early days as a child, I have found pleasure in assisting others and caring for them always. In addition, I stayed with my elderly grandparents who could not work, and I used to assist them. Moreover, spending time with my grandparents has enabled me see the happiness you can bring to someone life, and this, as been my passion for creating a difference in ones life through endodontic dentistry. Therefore, this as been the driving force in taking endodontic dentistry as my profession of choice. Coupled with my childhood desire to become a dentist and the experience I had at the hospital, makes endodontic dentistry my best choice. Endodontic dentistry process involves quite a number of procedure and conditions that one must meet, and I think meet the conditions. Apart from the educational qualifications I have good communication skills, I can use effectively in calming patients when they are in distress. While working at the hospital, I went through mentoring training that enables one read people body language hence I could have a quick understanding of

Watch movies and talking about why its harmful to voters.( you could Essay

Watch movies and talking about why its harmful to voters.( you could chose any topic you like) - Essay Example The Century of the Self exposes how thorough and scientific the PR industry has become. In its early days the industry concerned itself with selling products by highlighting its features. However, quite soon, as the Unique Selling Propositions (USPs) of competing products decreased, the only way of distinguishing products was through their perceptions. This led to a pervasive trend of promoting products for their qualities and attributes. This is where Sigmund Freud’s theories on psychoanalysis were employed. The advertising industry, from being endorsers of products had now turned into manipulators of individual psychology. If the choice of psychological manipulation was bad enough for consumers, it was even more portentous when it comes to democracy. The successful party propaganda efforts of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s had set a notorious benchmark. Ever since, political campaigns have come exclusively to depend on marketing success and not on the merits of election manifestos. These days the same PR firms that sell us toothpaste and detergent also sell us our next President. Hence, as The Century of the Self indicated in grave tone, politics today has become an exercise in tapping our primordial fears and instincts. Politics is no more a reasoned discourse on the merits and demerits of policies. The documentary Toxic Sludge is Good For You is again another indictment of the PR industry. It talks of the unholy alliance between big corporations, political parties and the PR industry. As a result most programs in mainstream media are no more than exercises in creating illusions. As the title ironically suggests, advertisements have become synonymous with spreading falsities. To a large extent even the general public knows it. The documentary alludes to how PR industry had copied some of the strategies used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for international espionage and sabotage. In a

Ethical Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethical Question - Essay Example I will then head straight to the university’s head office to seek assistance. Since, it is prudent for the university’s management to be aware of what has transpired in the institution premises because they are accountable of everything and everyone within its confinements. I would then call the nearest police station and inform them of what has transpired and the location of the accident. This is to prove the accident was not intentional besides showing that I am ready to face the consequences. The management will then try as much as possible to locate the car’s owner with the registration number, which I took with the intention of discussing with owner on how to resolve the issue. Together with him or her, we would discus amicably the best way besides agreeing to cater for any caused damages. The reason for these actions will encompass upholding my dignity and ethics that I normally keep all through my life (Jennings 30). Secondly, I will be adhering to the already set laws that govern the state and dictate diverse restitutions, which any offender ought to observe. This is to maintain good and health interrelationships with the owner of the car despite both of being strangers to each other (Jennings 30). Therefore, my actions will be ensuring the person whom I have backed into his or her car will not feel much wronged. This is especially when he or she emerges and fails to see who was responsible for what has happened to his or her

Can adult models for CBT be used with children & adolescents with PTSD Essay

Can adult models for CBT be used with children & adolescents with PTSD a critical evaluation - Essay Example A child’s response to a given trauma may vary according to the age, nature, duration and type of stressor, gender or any other previous history of exposure. Children have the capacity to link the traumatic event with any other event with similar features. This capacity leads to the psychological, emotional and behavioral symptoms that develop after a traumatic event (Perry and Pollard, 1998). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a clinical syndrome that is usually developed after experiencing an extreme traumatic stress (DSM IV). Following is the criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD in children. A child is said to have Acute Stress Disorder (DSM IV) when the above criteria is met during the month after the traumatic experience. Further characterization of PTSD shows a child in acute stage when the symptoms develop in less than three months, Chronic in more than three months and Delayed Onset when initial symptoms develop six months or more after the traumatic event (Perry, 1999). The diagnosis of PTSD in very young children is difficult due to the inability of the children to report the traumatic event and symptoms (Scheeringa et al. 1995). Lifetime incidence of PTSD ranges from 3-14 % (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994). Various studies have been carried out to examine the prevalence of PTSD in adolescents. The studies showed that 3% of females and 1% of males met the DSM IV criteria of PTSD (Cuffe et al. 1998). Greater female adolescent population met the criteria for PTSD than males. Higher prevalence rates for PTSD were reported among children who have been exposed to traumatic events and was even were higher in high-risk groups. 35% of the adolescents diagnosed with cancer met the criteria for lifetime PTSD (Pfefferbaum, 1997). 15% of young cancer patients had moderate to severe PTSS (Stuber et al. 1997); 93% of children exposed to domestic violence had PTSS (Kilpatrick, Williams, 1998); 80% of Kuwaiti youth exposed to the

Is Homosexuality a Sin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Homosexuality a Sin - Essay Example The theory of childhood trauma contends that childhood emotional shocks result in homosexuality. Another theory holds forth that such behavior is the outcome of genetic factors. In addition, there is one theory that declares that such comportment is a learned behavior. A large number of scientists believe that homosexual or bisexual behavior results from an amalgamation of biological factors and childhood emotional shocks (Homosexuality, 2010). According to the Holy Bible, homosexuality is a cardinal sin that goes against the very grain of creation. Humans were created by God, as man and woman, and only these two were to come together, in order to propagate the human race. Subsequent to being expelled by God from the Garden of Eden, man became wicked and sinful, and disobeyed God (Genesis 13:13, King James Version). Homosexuality is one such iniquitous act. In the Holy Bible there is mention of the city of Sodom, whose denizens were destroyed by God, on account of their extreme wickedness. This act of God served to indicate the extreme disapproval accorded to unnatural sins by men. God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, which were razed to the ground. The men in these cities had been obsessed with immoral and unnatural sexual acts (Jude 1:7, King James Version). Thus, the Holy Bible condemns homosexual behavior in no uncertain terms, and the destruction of cities en masse, by God, indicates the extreme disapproval with which He views such deviant behavior. Homosexuality has been viewed as the Christian Reformed Church, as being the outcome of a world steeped in sin. This Church, while decrying homosexuality, believed in adopting a compassionate attitude towards the homosexuals. Moreover, this entity is of the firm opinion that every possible effort should be made to enable homosexuals to realize the iniquity of their behavior

Employee Training Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Training - Term Paper Example Some of the main force that influence a company’s training and developments are: ‘economic cycle, globalization, additional emphasis on intangible assets and human capital, focus on link to business strategy, changing demographics and delivery of work force, talent management, customer service and quality management, new technology, high-performance work systems’ (Noe, 2010, p. 10). Influence of Technology on Employee Training: As it has been just seen, that one of the forces that can influence training and development of employees in an organization is new technology. The discussion, here, is about the influence of technology on employee training and development. A look around us will show how people are getting trained on/off-jobs by computers, i-pods, i-pads; and through internet. Therefore the impact of technology is mainly on delivery of training programs. Methods of training employees also have gone through many changes due to the advancement of technology. But use of technology also follow the same basic principles of learning as the traditional methods do . for example, technologies like multimedia, interactive software etc. ‘appeal to multiple senses and allow employees to pace themselves, receive feedback and reinforcement, and find information from experts on as need basis’ (Noe, 2010, p. 337). ... Training could be delivered anywhere: at office or at home, a distant location or at hometown. Technology has given freedom to the employees of choosing when or where they receive training. They can access their training materials on need basis. A simulation of work environment at the learning environment can make employees better equipped for their job. Keeping training records, documentations and other formalities involved in employee training and development could be taken care of by computers. This will cut a lot of paperwork and official activities. Employee’s progress in the training could be better monitored (Noe, 2010, p. 297). Influence of Technology on Learning Environment: The traditional classroom learning environment is linear and not as dynamic as the technology learning process. In the traditional learning process the instructors gives information to the learners; and practice and use of the information is done after the instruction process is finished. This lea rning environment includes only the trainers and the trainees, not the experts or the resources. The learners are passive and the instructors are active members. There is a one way communication from the trainer to trainees. The learners have to wait for the instruction to end to access the resource materials and the experts that is beyond their course material. The communication among the learners happens only outside the training environment. But in a technology based learning environment the training process is dynamic and multidirectional. Here, the learner plays an active role; and the instructor plays minor role. In this learning environment the resource matter and experts are also included. Internet has made a technology based learning environment possible. Internet

English Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English - Coursework Example view is able to lend a certain degree of integrity to the story’s content because in a way, all the characters were given equal levels of attention. This is quite important because the story emphasizes the different struggles that each character went through and the third-person omniscient point of view is able to provide the reader with the opportunity to pick his or her own side. The short story that I wish to analyze is Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† The overall theme of the story generally revolves around freedom, and, more specifically, women’s search for selfhood, for self-discovery or identity. This theme is aptly symbolized by the open window, out of which Mrs. Mallard could see patches of blue sky, the tops of trees that were signaling a new spring life, and the many other wonderful things outside of her window. All of these things represented a â€Å"new life† for Mrs. Mallard who has been under the clutches of her husband for a very long time. While Mrs. Mallard was stricken with grief at the initial news of her husband’s death, she was able to look at the situation at a whole new light upon looking out the window. Thus, the open window that presented a view into an entirely new life without her husband’s repression represented Mrs. Mallard’s supposedly new lease at life. The difference between a poem and a short story is that a poem is more imaginative, as it is driven with words that create more spontaneous, intuitive responses, while a short story oftentimes depends on descriptive language and logical structure. In addition, a poem adheres to rhythm while a short story can be a static flow of words. For example, the following lines from Alexander Pope’s â€Å"An Essay on Criticism† is very rich in imaginative, metaphoric, rhythmic language while the lines from â€Å"A Father’s Story† by Andre Dubus are very literal and static. Hearing the poem â€Å"We Real Cool† recited aloud by the author herself, Gwendolyn Brooks, provided

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Example for Free

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Sepsis is an inflammatory systemic response to infection. The symptoms are produced by the host’s defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens (Schouten et al. , 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al. , 2003). It is a public health concern and it continues to be a burden on the healthcare system (Ely, Kleinpell and Goyette, 2003). Despite advancing medical technology, the rate of patients in intensive care units diagnosed with sepsis is continually increasing. According to Schmidt and Mandel (2009), even when optimal treatment is provided, morbidity due to severe sepsis or septic shock is approximately 40 percent and can exceed 50 percent in the most critically ill patients. Early recognition of sepsis and sepsis-associated infections is essential to treating and controlling it from escalating to advanced stages that are associated with higher mortality rates (Lukaszewski et al. , 2008). Unlike other diseases or trauma, the initial signs and symptoms of sepsis are subtle and can easily be missed by health care practitioners. See more: Homeless satire essay Sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade along with downregulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis (Schouten et al. , 2008). This cycle becomes exaggerated because inflammation induced coagulation produces further inflammation. Sepsis is associated with hypovolemia, hypotension and endothelial dysfunction. The following report will examine a patient’s course of illness during her stay in the ICU at XXXX. This paper will provide a discussion on the patient and her past Running Head: Sepsis medical history, the pathophysiology of sepsis, the clinical manifestations of sepsis, the patient’s clinical course, and finally, a summary and critique of the case management. Patient Information Mrs. E is a 73 year old female with an extensive past medical history. According to her medical chart, her history includes type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, chronic kidney disease (due to hypertension and diabetic nephropathy), hyperuricemia and gastritis. She has a history of breast and uterine cancer. As a result, she has undergone a left lumpectomy and she has had a hysterectomy. Mrs. E. is an ex-smoker and she has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In June 2009, Mrs. E. was being investigated for transaminitis, and an MRI in the same month suggested a periampullary mass. She underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP) on August 26, 2009 at Trillium Health Centre in Mississauga. The ERCP results indicated papillary fibrosis and stenosis; however no masses or stones were discovered. Mrs. E. presented to the emergency department at Trillium Health Centre on August 27, 2009 in septic shock due to an intra-abdominal source. She was then taken to the operating room for a laprotomy for cholecystitis. It was discovered during surgery that Mrs. E. had a gangrenous gallbladder. The surgery team drained a supraphrenic abscess, sutured the intestine and repaired a ventral hernia. She was then admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Trillium Health Centre. During her stay in the ICU, cultures were taken on successive days that confirmed Klebsiella, pneumonia, and sepsis. She was treated with ceftriaxone and flagyl. Mrs. E’s renal function progressively worsened and her creatinine steadily rose. She developed thrombocytopenia due to sepsis. Mrs. E. began to become less responsive to furosemide treatments and was diagnosed with acute renal failure. As a result she was transferred to xxxxxx for hemodialysis. Upon arrival to xxxxxxx, Mrs. E was intubated, ventilated and sedated. On initial examination, her heart rate (HR) was 88 BPM, blood pressure (BP) was 189/59 mmHg, temperature was 36. 7 degrees celsius, her respiratory rate (RR) was approximately 22 bpm, and her oxygen saturation was 97%. Mrs. E. had generalized pitting edema throughout her entire body. She also presented with periods of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and as a result was given amiodarone. The amiodarone infusion helped to bring Mrs. E back to normal sinus rhythm. On assessment, Mrs. E. had inspiratory crackles with decreased breath sounds to the left lower lobe of her lung, and ecchymosis of her upper extremities. Based on the evidence she presented with, including laboratory evidence, Mrs. E. was diagnosed by the renal physician at The Credit Valley Hospital with acute on chronic renal failure. The acute component was determined to be secondary to sepsis and hypertension perioperatively. Disease Process Pathophysiology Sepsis is a clinical condition that complicates a severe infection and is characterized by systemic inflammation and widespread tissue injury (Neviere, 2009). When coupled with acute organ dysfunction, sepsis can lead to severe life-threatening complications, including death (Lukaszewski, 2008). Individuals suffering from sepsis display signs of inflammation at tissue sites remote from the original insult such as vasodilation, increased microvascular permeability and leukocyte accumulation. During sepsis, the inflammatory response causes extensive damage to an individual’s microcirculation (Neligan, 2006). According to Schouten et al (2008), sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade coupled with down-regulation of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. An intricate link between inflammation and coagulation exists within the body (Neligan, 2006). When a pathogen is present in the bloodstream or when tissue injury occurs, an inflammatory response occurs. The response causes a stimulation of the immune system to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF? ) (Neligan, 2006). These cytokines are the main catalysts of the inflammatory response and cause the release of several agents including, interleukin-8, histamine, kinins, serotonin, selectins, and neutrophils. When the above compounds are activated, local vasodilation occurs, cytotoxic chemicals are released and the invading pathogen is destroyed (Neligan, 2006). The inflammatory response can be excessive at times and causes local cellular destruction (Neligan, 2006). In septic patients, damage to their own tissues occurs throughout the body in the vasculature and endothelium. The release of the proinflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, causes activation of the coagulation cascade (Neligan, 2006). Coagulation can be activated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway following a particular tissue damaging event (Neligan, 2006). The intrinsic pathway is the slower of the two pathways and it requires that all factors are present within the blood for clotting to occur (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). However, when blood is exposed to a factor that resides under the damaged endothelium, called tissue factor (TF), the extrinsic pathway is activated (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The extrinsic pathway is shorter than the intrinsic pathway as it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway. Each clotting pathway 6 requires ionic calcium and involves a series of procoagulants, and eventually forms a common factor X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Within the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor binds to activated factor VII. The complex that results activates factors IX and X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). When factor X has been activated, it complexes with calcium ions, PF3 and factor V to form prothrombin activator (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of the plasma protein prothrombin to the thrombin, an active enzyme. Thrombin catalyzes the formation of fibrinogen and eventually into fibrin (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin, in the presence of calcium ions, activates factor III in order to bind the fibrin strands closely together (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The last step in the normal clotting cascade is fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is responsible for removing clots once the healing process is complete (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Without fibrinolysis, vessels have the potential to become completely blocked because clotting occurs continuously (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Plasmin, a digesting enzyme, is responsible for breaking clots (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). It is produced when the plasma protein plasminogen is activated. Plasminogen is incorporated into a forming clot, however it remains dormant until it is activated by an appropriate signal or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Activated factor XII and thrombin can also activate plasminogen. In a septic patient, the fibrolytic system is inhibited (Neligan, 2006). Cytokines and thrombin stimulate the release of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), from platelets and the endothelium (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin is an activator of inflammation and an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Thrombomodulin, a modulator of fibrinolysis that activates protein C, is also impaired by inflammation and endothelial injury.

Business Culture in India and China

Business Culture in India and China Introduction: With much of the world watching the emerging economic power of china, there are two things often overlooked. The first is that India is undergoing an equally dramatic economic evolution. The second is that this growth will have big implications for the meetings and exhibitions sectors that we all operate in (Buckeley, 2006). Undoubtedly, both India and china will emerge as economic power by 2050 (approx) but they are very different from each other in many aspects. It has also been seen that strengths of India often becomes weaknesses of china strengths of china often becomes weaknesses of India. For e.g. India is knows as service industry and china is known as manufacturing industry (Buckeley, 2006). By 2030, Indias population overtake population of china. As Chinas population will see a drop by 2030 because of gender imbalance that is caused by one child policy (Buckeley, 2006). Also favoured by male preference syndrome. This in-turn will cause many problems, which will have impact on population distribution. China has got developed in the past 5-7 years because of infra structure funding from its central government. As per the survey done by ICCA 120 world-class convention centres are expected to be in operational by 2040 (Buckeley, 2006). Besides this, Beijing Olympics (2008) and world expo (2010 sha nghai) will prove as a legend in the development of China. On the other hand, India has constructed many conference and exhibition centres in the major cities of India that are New Delhi, Kerala, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Hyderabad. But both of these countries are very different from each other in terms of airports, highways, railways and other public amenities in which china is far ahead of India (Buckeley, 2006). Indian culture is distinct in its own way which further has an impact on business culture followed in India. Dealing the Indian business counter-parts in their way is highly appreciable. Some examples on how to deal with Indian business counter-parts are Namaste is used to meet greet each other (it is done by bowing the chin and placing the folded hands underneath of chin). Instead of this, these days educated people in India prefer to shake hands to greet each other (Trade Chakra, 2008). Adequate knowledge of Indian business etiquettes is significant to carry out a business successfully in India. Indian hospitality is famous in the world therefore; business travelers can feast the Indian hospitality. It is not baffling if appointments are cancelled, re-scheduled or postpone. Patience is the key to success in India. Indians are quite proficient in English language. Organization structure follows from top to bottom in which decision-making is generally done at top level (Trade Chakr a, 2008). Chinese culture is distinct in its own way which further has an impact on business culture followed in China. Chinese greeting is special in its own way. Thus, it forms an important part in making a first impression. As said, first impression is last impression. In china people are greeted according to their position or status, which means person at top level, is greeted then its followed to middle and then to bottom level (Ingram, 2009). Trend of exchanging business cards is in bulky. Exchanging gifts is yet another important aspect of doing business in China. People are formally dressed in China during business meetings, conferences. Formal behavior at professional level is appreciated. Punctuality at meetings, appointments are pretty essential (Ingram, 2009). As per World Business Culture (2010) India in Figures: Land Area: 3, 287,263 sq km Population: 1,081m Population density: 329 sq km Life expectancy: Men 63 yrs Women 67 yrs Adult literacy: 61% Average per household: 5.3 Divorces per 1,000: Unknown The Economy: Currency: Indian Rupee GDP: US$ 691bn GDP per heads: US$ 640 Employment (% of total): Agriculture 60% Industry 17% Services 23% Unemployed 4% Main Exports: Type: Engineering goods Jewellery gems Textiles Chemicals Agricultural goods Destinations: (% total) USA 20% China 8% UK 5% United Arab Emirates 8% Main Imports: Type: Petroleum product Capital goods Gold and silver Electronic goods Gems Main countries of origin: USA 7% Belgium 6% China 6% Singapore 5% As per World Business Culture (2010) China in Figures: Land Area: 9, 560,900 Population: 1,313m Population density: 136 sq km Life expectancy: Men 71 yrs Women 75 yrs Adult literacy: 91% Average per household: 3.5 Divorces per 1,000: 0.8 The Economy: Currency: Yuan GDP: US$1,932bn GDP per heads: US$1,470 Employment (% of total): Agriculture 50% Industry 22% Services 29% Unemployed 4% Main Exports: Type: Office equipment Clothing Telecoms equipment Electrical machinery Footwear Destinations: (% total) USA 21% Hong Kong 17% Japan 12% South Korea 5% Germany 4% Main Imports: Type: Electrical machinery Petroleum products Professional scientific instruments Office equipment other machinery Main countries of origin: Japan 17% Taiwan 12% South Korea 11% USA 8% Germany 6% Background to business in India and China: In terms of area India is far bigger than Europe with a population of more than 100 billion. India is 7th largest country in the world. It is divided into 29 states and 6 union territories. With this kind of structure India forms a big market for foreigners to invest in Indian market and to mint profit out of it (World Business Culture, 2010). Apparently because of large population, disposable income in India is huge. Therefore, which in turns increases the spending power of people. Also, India enjoys favourable geographical location in the world, which proves to be boon for industries in various aspects (World Business Culture, 2010). Nevertheless, existence of caste system structures hierarchy in India business where boss is the supreme power and is actually a BOSS whereas when 21st century started, the peoples Republic of China found that social, economic, and cultural transition is on swing (World Business Culture, 2010). The old certainties, which had an autocratic type of rule during the rule of Mao Zedong, substituted by Deng Xiaoping who had more liberal policies. But, those policies were unclear. As per world business culture (2010) The pursuit of profit is no longer counter-revolutionary and business people have long since ceased being viewed as enemies of the people. Yet the Communist Party is still in power and shows little appetite for any of the political reform so much clamored for by the West. (World business culture, 2010). Business Culture in India and China: Relationship building is very important factor in India esp. at professional level. In India trend of giving ideal deals to known person is followed. Therefore, more you maintain the cordial and friendly relations more it is useful (Business maps of India, 2010), where as Chinese follow very formal relationships in business. It is not that they are not humorous but might because of language problem; humor at times can become rude. Also, while doing business there, you should always establish a contact with a person who can act as an intermediator. This will help in solving problem of language, bureaucracy and legal system networks (Kwintessential, 2010). In India meeting are to be re-scheduled well in advance and are supposed to be fixed either in writing or on phone. Once you are in meeting room, the initial conversation starts with some favourite topics like cricket, business news or some latest happenings. In the terms punctuality Indians lag behind. They would expect punctuality but they themselves wont be punctual. Delay in scheduled time by 1 hour or 2 hour is normal (Business maps of India, 2010), on the contrary in China, in the terms of scheduling a meeting, it is advisable to schedule a meeting prior in advance. Also, it is required to provide with some prior literature to introduce the company. Well, punctuality is utmost important factor. Once meeting is started then the initial talks should be based upon your experiences in china so far. Always send an agenda of meeting prior to meeting, as itll help in controlling the flow of meeting (Kwintessential, 2010). Process of decision-making is pretty slow in India esp. if some business deal has to be finalised on the basis of some prior negotiation or meetings or some discussions. Top-level management does the decision-making. You can expect the favourable decision by building the friendly relations with person concerned (Business maps of India, 2010). But, the process of business in China flows in hierarchy. Chinese are consensus players in terms of business. They lay cultural emphasis on group orientation along-with individual desires and needs. People are generally inclined towards family despite they belong to various other groups (World Business Culture, 2010). The decision-making process is quite slow in India. Indians dont solely rely on presentations, good work or statistical data. They also depend upon with beliefs, customs or inner conscious. Usually the major decisions are taken by top level and day to day life decision are taken by middle or low level management (Business maps of India, 2010). On the contrary process of decision-making is slow in china. You have to be patient and should never show expression as itll have negative impact on Chinese business counter-parts. It is said that you should show your best poker face before negotiating with them. In case you show your weakness, there are strong possibilities that theyll exploit you. Decisions are not taken in urgency because simultaneous negotiations are going on with other competitors (Kwintessential, 2010). During any part of negotiation if the Indian business counter-parts comes to conclusion like well see, well try or something like that, then it surely indicates no. As Indians dont directly say NO. They tend to make various excuses (Business maps of India, 2010), whereas Chinese are famous for their negotiations skills. They mainly lay stress on concessions. While making the strategy for doing business in china, it should be always be kept in mind that you are able enough to show little compromise and ensure that Chinese negotiators have gained some concessions. The famous strategy of Chinese is to show themselves as weak and vulnerable so that they can expect some huge concessions (Kwintessential, 2010). The custom of gift giving is a vital part in Indian business. Thought it is likely in a way that the instead of person receiving gift say thanks, it is the person who gives gift say thanks. Though it sounds absurd, but it is like that. You should always be cautious while gifting something like never gift beef to Hindu, alcohol to Muslims or tobacco products to Sikhs (World Business Culture, 2010). In the comparison with china the custom of gift giving is in vogue in china. Gifts are exchanged for celebrations. Gifts act as a sweet favor to Chinese business counter-parts. However, Chinese wont mind if you ask them what kind of gift they want. But, you should always keep in mind that same gifts are to be presented to the people of same level of hierarchy in an organization. Top-level people are supposed to given the gifts in the first instance (Kwintessential, 2010). The major problem in china is of language. In china large number of people speaks Mandarin as well as it is an official dialect. English language level is poor in china. No doubt, English speakers are there in china but there ratio is very less also there command over language is not very good. Therefore, communicating in china is troublesome which can cause misunderstandings and mistranslation. Thus, it is always advisable to hire a translator for doing business in china successfully (World Business Culture, 2010), whereas in India the situation is not as bad as of china. In India large number of average people have good command over English language. English has become 2nd language in India after native language of India i.e. Hindi. All the official correspondence is made in English. Therefore, in India you can do business without a translator. Well in India, business attire is generally formal wear. Men prefer shirt and a pant in summers and blazer or suit in winter while women wear saris or suits (Business maps of India, 2010), whereas Chinese prefers conservative formal business suits during formal meeting or conferences. Both men and women prefer them. During informal gatherings or during summer season they prefer wearing short sleeves shirts or t-shirts and jeans (Ingram, 2009). China as manufacturing industry: China has emerged itself as manufacturing excellence country. Thus, has become one of the largest exporters of the world. Gross Domestic Product of China has increased at tremendous pace and has become worlds 2nd largest economy based on purchasing power parity. This is all because of its manufacturing excellence. In the past exports of china has increased by 15% per year. As per Rowan (2003) China now makes 50% of worlds telephones, 17% of refrigerators, 41% of video monitors, 23% of washing machines, 30% of ACs and 30 % of colour televisions (Rowan 2003). Key sectors of manufacturing in china are electronics and automotive components. Electronic Industry of china is famous all across the globe. China is the largest exporter of electronics in the world. China produces all types of electronic goods starting from household home appliances to semi-conductors. The various favorable factors have combined together and have led china onto the path of opulence. Preferential government poli cy i.e. china trade and industrial policy has added a comparative advantage to china. In most of countries government policies often has an adverse effect on business. But, in china it has proved beneficial. China government has taken several steps in industrialization of targeted industry by advancing them preferential loans, public research, trade promotion, sector specific financial incentives, selective government procurement and control on foreign participation (Linden, 2003). Also, chinas open door policy has attracted foreign direct investment, which has proved a boon. It has helped in building factories, creating jobs, linking china to international markets etc. local supplier network of china is also developing because foreign companies are investing time and money. China has laid its sole stress on building up superior infrastructure required for growth of manufacturing sector. It has strengthened its road and rail network to enhance transport facilities, which are require d in transportation of goods. China has built 25000 kms of expressways. Also, has taken steps to reduce congestion on railway lines. China has also taken steps to ensure constant supply of electricity which is yet another important factor of production. Cheap labour in china has played a major role in development of manufacturing sector. Thus, has attracted many international companies to re-locate their manufacturing units in china. India as service industry: Service sector in India has sown a tremendous growth especially in last decade. Service sector in India means information technology sector. Information technology sector is further stretched onto four sectors Information technology services, Information technology Information technology enabled services, software and e-business. These sectors combine for 2008 annual revenue forecast of $87B, (Embassy of India, 2010), with numerous analysts suggesting higher revenue. Highlighting the rapid growth of IT in India, software was a small $150MM industry in 1991, but grew to $5.7B in 2000, an annual growth rate of 50%. (Embassy of India, 2010). The way public and private sectors have contributed towards the growth of information technology sector in India is like an example for other developing countries. Many factors have helped India to lead success in service industry. Government played a passive role in growth of service industry. Neither government helped nor it interfered in growth of service industry. Like other industries in India, information technology industries had the same procedure for starting it (Farrell, 2004). Initially government did not expect this kind of growth in this sector. Later on even after when government realised the growth and government introduce the concept of SEZs to encourage IT industries, then also they were not able to attract foreign investors. Thus it can be said that IT sector in India grew despite of any effort by the government. Existence of large numbers of English language speakers has also showed a path of success. Also, it helped in making India a main destination for customer services like call centres and billing tasks. Thus, it can be said that Indias IT industry grew to business process offshoring i.e. BPO. Post independence, economy was not favorable to entrepreneurs. As the economy grew, number of entrepreneurs also increased at a tremendous pace because it was easy to set-up a technical service company as compare d to other manufacturing units. Therefore, it gave a birth to IT industry in India. Many hi-tech areas were developed in cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad that in turn boosted the service industry in India. Conclusion: Inspite of so many cultural differences between both the countries and differences in various other aspects in the terms of land area, population, population density, literacy, GDP growth, employment, imports and exports both the countries are showing significant progress. Both, India and China are showing progress in different fields. China is further taking steps to grow their manufacturing sector. At the same time they are lacking in the growth of service sector. Similarly, India is also taking steps to enhance their service sector but not able to enhance the manufacturing sector. In order to enhance manufacturing sector India has to strengthen their infrastructure, development of human resources. Also, has to take necessary steps to attract FDI by providing them subsidies, easy financial services, development of infrastructure, easy FDI regulations etc. Likewise, China has to strengthen their service sector to support manufacturing sector. Till now, the softwares that are being p roduced in china are catering the need of domestic consumers. Therefore, China has to lay emphasis on export-oriented growth of service sector. Until now, china has targeted to grow service sector by various science parks. But, Prospective growth in service sector would be possible by encouraging entrepreneur and less government interference. Therefore, we can say that both the countries are taking crucial ladder towards the escalation to reach pinnacles.

How Globalization Has Effected On Indian Economy Economics Essay

How Globalization Has Effected On Indian Economy Economics Essay Due to globalization, in Indian economy it affect not only to agricultural production but also employment opportunities in the rural parts, inequality between urban rural areas. Globalisation is conceived as a powerful transformative force responsible for a massive shake-out of nations, economies, international institutions the whole world order. Thus, we can say that the higher the level of international corporations/transactions, the higher will be economic growth, income level living standards the globalization process would bring. Globalisation has brought many jobs large sums of investment to India. Indias economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced suffering from miserable labor conditions. Globalization has created a large economic boom fo r India with largely positive effects. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indians. We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. Globalization of financial markets has far outpaced the integration of product markets. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have noting by globalization. Heymath, a firm in Chennai, provide mathematics homework help to students lesson plans to teachers, over the net. Its initial target market was schools in Singapore, but after successfully developing selling its product there, it is now expanding elsewhere, including India. Despite these examples, however, as an economy we are still not still as open to foreign goods and services, labor, or knowledge as we should be. The five major areas where the co-operative global efforts on reform are to be concentrated are: 1. Transparency: The goal is to make timely, reliable data, plus information about economic and financial policies, practices, and decision making, readily available to financial markets and the public. 2. Internationally Accepted Standards: Adherence to international standards and codes of good practices helps ensure that economies function properly at the national level, which is a key prerequisite for a well-functioning international system. 3. Financial Sector Strengthening: Banks and other financial institutions need to improve internal practices, including risk assessment and management, and the official sector needs to upgrade supervision and regulation of the financial sector to keep pace with the modern global economy. 4. Involving the Private Sector: Better involvement of the private sector in crisis prevention and resolution can limit moral hazard; strengthen market discipline by fostering better risk assessment; and improve the prospects for both debtors and creditors 5. Systemic Improvements: Contingent Credit Lines (CCL): The IMF has created a new instrument of crisis prevention with the CCL, after cautionary line of defense readily available to member countries with strong economic policies designed to prevent future balance of payments problems that might arise from international financial contagion. Advantage of Globalization in Indian Economy: There are numerous advantages in the shift to a global economy including the possibility to increase benefits from economies of scale. The breaking down of global barriers allows companies to benefit from the largest cheapest workforces, raw material, technology. Due to globalization, in many areas of the country tomato growers, potato growers fruit growers, farmers benefited from tie-up collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices etc. Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best markets where the prices are highest on each day. Lock outs strikes have declined to insignificantly low levels because industrial labor is happy. Due to Globalization the business market in the world has no boundaries; they can market their products in any part of the world. This has involved the chances of laying hands on global market technologies, which would definitely increase our qualities of living standards. Globalization helps Indian En trepreneur to know more about the competitors, recent trends, Quality of products. Helps in sourcing new technology for improving their Brand Quality. Hiring competent person irrespective of the nationality. Good exposure of Indian brands to overseas market. Due to increase in healthy competition with other brands, Indian brands will be forced to improve their quality and services to the customer. It aims at increasing the production of food and improvements of the economic and social condition of farmers. It would increase efficiency of the workers. Use of seeds and heavy machines has help to increase agricultural productivity. It would improve animal husbandries would be able to import good breed of animals from the other countries. Farmers will get the privilege of the international market through export agricultural products. Disadvantages: Rise in demand for labor the rise in wage rates leading to increase in costs. Too much competition in the market leading to continuous pressure on raising productivity enhancing consumer service, improving products quality in order to survive. Voluntary retirement for many public sector units. Too many sales person chasing customers. Too many cars on the road traffic congestion. Growth of consumerism. Shortage power infrastructure affecting industrial expansion. The farmer got the exposure to global links of markets, technology investments, beneficial in terms of involving their yields, getting better prices secured off take. This leads to a major dissatisfaction among under developed/developing countries where they are cut off from the rest of the world. This has also increased the chances of inferiority complex among these nations. There is a fundamental problem with globalization which will cause international tension trade disputes without arresting the process. It may be d ifficult to survive for SSI and other industries which are unable to cope up with the changes due to insufficient funds. Indian Talent is being attracted towards other country due to higher salary and emoluments. Due to heavy taxation and levies in India, end products are being costly as compared to imported brands. All the multinational companies MNCs are examples, such as pepsi , cocacola, ibm, general electric, vodafone, almost all have its business allover the world. for a MNC target market is whole world itself. Globalization Its Impact : The various beneficial effects of globalization in Indian Industry are that it brought in huge amounts of foreign investments into the industry especially in the BPO, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. As huge amounts of foreign direct investments were coming to the Indian Industry, they boosted the Indian economy quite significantly. The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country. Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. Since 1991, India has witnessed an explosion of new media. Be tween 1990 and 1999, access to television grew from 10% of the urban population to 75% of the urban population. Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time. 1) Indian Agriculture: Indian farmers are offered no subsidiaries compared to the US Farmers. There has been no encouragement from the government to ensure foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmers assistance. The US Farmers has opened the market for textile China has already set up factories started production where in India hasnt woken up. On the other side of the medal, there is along list of the worst of the time, the foremost casualty being the agriculture sector. Agriculture has been still remains the backbone of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role not only in providing food nutrition to the people, but also in the supply of raw materials to industries to export trade. The financial capital of India the political of India are set to become the topmost slum cities of the world. 2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavorable domestic external developments, Domestic O/P DD conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the post two years. The rate of growth of GDP of India has been on the increase from 5.6% to 7% in the 1993-2001 periods. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including Computer software electronics (18 %), service sector (13%), telecommunication (10%), transportation industry (9%) etc. 3) Export Import: Indias export import is increasing many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in international scenes. There are two alternative causes available. To sell its product in the export market. To produce those type of commodities that the rich in India could consume i.e. luxury consumption goods. 4) Technologies: IT is given special status. The reason for this is because the Indian government wants to promote it-s nation a as a technological advanced nation and in order to do this they must stimulate the IT sector. The special status- means the sector and investors (willing to invest in the sector) will receive many benefits and incentives from the government to do so. 5) Poverty: The government of India has shown decline in people living in absolute poverty by manipulating statistics. The decline happened when large number of industrial units have been closed down, number of days of work available to workers has declined, downsizing of manpower had taken place in most of the industrial undertakings and non-availability of jobs to the new entrant in employment market is witnessed. Besides, there is an all round decline of prices of agricultural products, forcing farmers to suicide. In sectors like plantation and tea, workers are virtually starving. It is just not possible that people living in absolute poverty can decline in the country under these circumstances. 6) Education: The growth of higher education and the impact of the global economies have influenced the Indian education system over the last few years. Conclusion: India has to concentrate on 5 important areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business opening for small medium enterprises importance of quality management, now prospects in rural areas privatization of financial institutions. There will be prospect growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. The rich and poor, rural and urban, service class and agriculturalists, men and women, the bi polar opposites started troubling the social development. Benefits of Globalization: Economies of countries that engage well with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2 Â ½ percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Improved wealth through the economic gains of globlisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the worlds population can expect to live for at least sixty yea rs (thats twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!) Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources.Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world. International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights. Problems of globalization: There are social and economic costs to globalisation Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. Globalisation has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. Globalised competition can force a race to the bottom in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a brain drain of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.

The Milgram Experiment :: Papers

The Milgram Experiment A lesson in depravity, peer pressure, and the power of authority The aftermath of the Holocaust and the events leading up to World War II, the world was stunned with the happenings in Nazi German and their acquired surrounding territories that came out during the Eichmann Trials. Eichmann, a high ranking official of the Nazi Party, was on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The questions is, "Could it be that Eichmann, and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" Stanley Milgram answered the call to this problem by performing a series of studies on the Obedience to Authority. Milgram's work began at Harvard where he was working towards his Ph.D. The experiments on which his initial research was based were done at Yale from 1961-1962. In response to a newspaper ad offering $4.50 for one hour's work, an individual turns up to take part in a Psychology experiment investigating memory and learning. He is introduced to a stern looking experimenter in a white coat and a rather pleasant and friendly co-subject. The experimenter explains that the experiment will look into the role of punishment in learning, and that one will be the "teacher" and one will be the "learner." Lots are drawn to determine roles, and it is decided that the individual who answered the ad will become the "teacher." [IMAGE]Your co-subject is taken to a room where he is strapped in a chair to prevent movement and an electrode is placed on his arm. Next, the "teacher" is taken to an adjoining room which contains a generator. The "teacher" is instructed to read a list of two word pairs and ask the "learner" to read them back. If the "learner" gets the answer correct, then they move on to the next word. If the answer is incorrect, the "teacher" is supposed to shock the "learner" starting at 15 volts. The generator has 30 switches in 15 volt increments, each is labeled

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers fc

Compare ‘Gallipoli’ and ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ in terms of the:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boys’ attitude to war  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reasons for enlistment  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experiences on the front How do these change their attitude to war? What does this tell you about the similarities and differences the Australian’s and German’s experiences? Analysis of Major Characters Paul Bà ¤umer As the novel’s narrator and protagonist, Paul is the central figure in All Quiet on the Western Front and serves as the mouthpiece for Remarque’s meditations about war. Throughout the novel, Paul’s inner personality is contrasted with the way the war forces him to act and feel. His memories of the time before the war show that he was once a very different man from the despairing soldier who now narrates the novel. Paul is a compassionate and sensitive young man; before the war, he loved his family and wrote poetry. Because of the horror of the war and the anxiety it induces, Paul, like other soldiers, learns to disconnect his mind from his feelings, keeping his emotions at bay in order to preserve his sanity and survive. As a result, the compassionate young man becomes unable to mourn his dead comrades, unable to feel at home among his family, unable to express his feelings about the war or even talk about his experiences, unable to remember the past fully, and unable to conceive of a future without war. He also becomes a â€Å"human animal,† capable of relying on animal instinct to kill and survive in battle. But because Paul is extremely sensitive, he is somewhat less able than many of the other soldiers to detach himself completely from his feelings, and there are several moments in the book (Kemmerich’s death, Kat’s death, the time that he spends with his ill mother) when he feels himself pulled down by emotion. These surging feelings indicate the extent to which war has programmed Paul to cut himself off from feeling, as when he says, with devastating understatement, â€Å"Parting from my friend Albert Kropp was very hard. But a man gets used to that sort of thing in the ar my.† Paul’s experience is intended to represent the experience of a whole generation of men, the so-called lost generation—men who went straight from childhood to fighting in World War I, often as adolescents. Paul frequently considers the past and the future from the perspective of his entire generation, noting that, when the war ends, he and his friends will not know what to do, as they have learned to be adults only while fighting the war.

Esther`s Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar :: Plath Bell Jar Essays

Esther`s Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar One of the main reasons why Esther tried to commit suicide was the way she perceived her mother's actions, and the fact that she hates her mother: `"I hate her", I said, and waited for the blow to fall.` she obviously believes that hating her mother is wrong, as she expected the doctor to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esther`s problems. From Esther`s point of view, consequences of her mother's actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the right to go to her father's funeral: `My mother hadn't let us come to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his death seemed unreal to me.` The fact that Esther couldn't really accept her father's death contributed to career problems: she had no idea of what to do with her life, she `thought that if my father hadn't died he would have taught me....` Before visiting New York and getting thrown into the real world Esther had been very successful academically: `I had already taken a course in botany and done very well. I never answered one test question wrong all year.` Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didn't know what her career plans were: `Usually I had these plans on the tip of my tongue. "I don't really know", I heard myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true.` She claims that she has `always wanted to learn German` although `the very sight of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam`. Esther associates the language with her `German-speaking father`, who `cane from some manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia'. I think that Esther`s stunt in progress is directly linked to the death of her father, and the little that she knows about him, and that a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the best and no longer can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness: `I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. After that - in spite of the girl scouts and piano lessons. Esther`s Suicide Attempts in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar :: Plath Bell Jar Essays Esther`s Suicide Attempts in The Bell Jar One of the main reasons why Esther tried to commit suicide was the way she perceived her mother's actions, and the fact that she hates her mother: `"I hate her", I said, and waited for the blow to fall.` she obviously believes that hating her mother is wrong, as she expected the doctor to react negatively to her comment. Throughout the novel, her mother has contributed to Esther`s problems. From Esther`s point of view, consequences of her mother's actions have lead to further problems for her. It was her mother who denied Esther the right to go to her father's funeral: `My mother hadn't let us come to his funeral because we were only children then, and he had died in hospital, so the graveyard and even his death seemed unreal to me.` The fact that Esther couldn't really accept her father's death contributed to career problems: she had no idea of what to do with her life, she `thought that if my father hadn't died he would have taught me....` Before visiting New York and getting thrown into the real world Esther had been very successful academically: `I had already taken a course in botany and done very well. I never answered one test question wrong all year.` Because of her perfectionist attitude, Esther was surprised to hear herself say that she didn't know what her career plans were: `Usually I had these plans on the tip of my tongue. "I don't really know", I heard myself say. I felt a deep shock, hearing myself say that, because the minute I said it, I knew it was true.` She claims that she has `always wanted to learn German` although `the very sight of those dense, black, barbed-wire letters made my mind shut like a clam`. Esther associates the language with her `German-speaking father`, who `cane from some manic-depressive hamlet in the black heart of Prussia'. I think that Esther`s stunt in progress is directly linked to the death of her father, and the little that she knows about him, and that a major factor contributing to her eventual suicide attempt is the fact that she used to be the best and no longer can be. Esther also associates the death of her father with her happiness: `I was only purely happy until I was nine years old. After that - in spite of the girl scouts and piano lessons.

Costs and Price

Week I Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Revenue increases when * producer surplus increases 2. An increase in the price of an inelastic good * increases revenues 3. Price elasticity of Demand increases when * people become less price sensitive over time 4. The purpose of a market in a market system is to * bring buyers and sellers into contact 5. By specializing in the production of one good, a company is able to benefit from economies of scale which increases its revenue. Which of the following is an attribute of specialization? * Saving time by allowing a worker to focus on one task . The market system promotes progress by * providing incentive for technological advances 7. Productive efficiency is achieved when * the best technology is used 8. The market is said to be in equilibrium when * neither a shortage nor a surplus exists 9. The market will move to a higher equilibrium price if * the increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply 10. The intersection of supply and demand will be at a lower equilibrium price but a higher equilibrium quantity if * demand is constant and supply increases 11. When a price ceiling occurs the market price will be lower than the equilibrium price 12. Because the goals of firms, entrepreneurs, and workers have different incentives, which of the following principles applies? * Self-interest Week 2 Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Purely competitive firms increase total revenue by * increasing production (To increase revenue, firms look to increase price or quantity, as price multiplied by quantity equals total revenue. Purely competitive firms can sell as much as they want at the market price. Adding additional units of the product does not result in a change in the market price.Therefore, since purely competitive firms do not influence price, they increase total revenue by increasing quantity). 2. What are two ways for a competitive firm to determine the optimal level of production, that is, the level of production tha t will maximize profit or minimize losses? * Comparing total revenue to total cost or marginal revenue to marginal costs (A firm can look at two factors when considering whether it is maximizing profit or minimizing losses. First, it can find the maximum difference between total revenue and total cost.Second, a firm can look at the additional revenue gained from selling one more unit and at the additional cost from producing that additional unit. As long as the additional revenue from selling one more unit is greater than the cost of producing that unit, the firm will continue to increase its revenue. If the additional cost of producing another unit is greater than the additional revenue generated by selling that additional unit, the firm takes away from its total profit; this is the difference between revenue and cost.Thus, a firm maximizes its profit by producing at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Before that, additional profit can be generated, while after that, the firm reduces it overall profit). 3. Suppose that a firm determines that its marginal revenue is greater than its marginal cost, it would be better to * increase production (Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change in price increases faster than the change in quantity, which may remain constant.When more is paid for a good or a service, revenue increases). 4. It is profitable for a firm to continue employing additional resources as long as * Marginal Revenue Product >= Marginal Resource Cost (As with the optimal level of production for a good, the optimal usage of a resource is determined by ensuring that the revenue from that resource is at least equal to the marginal cost of that resource) 5. As additional units are produced, the marginal revenue product falls for all firms because marginal product decreases.For firms operating in indu stries that are not perfectly competitive, marginal revenue product also falls because * product price falls as output increases (While perfectly or purely competitive firms must accept the price set by supply and demand in the market, firms facing other market structures have some control over the price they set for their products. However, to increase the quantity demanded of their product, they must decrease their price. In doing so, while some firms may have the ability to set different prices for different groups, called price discriminating, most firms cannot.As a result, the firm must lower the price on that good for all consumers; therefore, the product price falls as output increases) 6. All things being equal, an increase in demand for a product†¦ * increases demand for the resources used in its production (When a firm sees an increase in the demand for its product, it will increase its production. In doing so, the firm increases the demand for the resources it uses t o produce its product. An increase in demand for a product does increase the quantity supplied. The firm sees that it can increase the price on each unit to address the shortage that emerges, so there is more sold.This does not mean that the firm changes the amount of production at the original price) 7. Marginal cost can be defined as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. * total variable costs (Marginal cost measures the cost of producing the next unit. Because fixed costs do not change with additional output, they do not add to total fixed costs. In addition, while average costs—both total and fixed—change with additional levels of output, as average costs are divided by the quantity produced, they do not reflect the full addition to the cost.Thus, the cost of producing an additional unit reflects the additional cost of inputs needed for production (variable costs). 8. If a firm starts small and, over time, builds successively larger plant sizes or adds additional work space in an office, average total costs are most likely to * initial decrease then increase 9. Demand for resources, including labor, depend on its * productivity While being profitable, available, and accessible are relevant to the demand for resources, the productivity of the resource in question determines how profitable the good or service will be. 0. The primary difference between increasing- and decreasing-cost industries lies in * the fact that the average total cost (ATC) of firms in increasing-cost industries will first decline and then eventually increase with output, while decreasing-cost firms experience progressively lower ATC with increased output (By definition, an increasing-cost industry experiences a rising ATC as output increases, while a decreasing-cost industry enjoys a lower ATC as output increases. 11. When adding labor or other factors of production, businesses may see their total product rise, but see their per-unit increase in return for eac h additional unit diminish. This phenomenon * is known as diminishing marginal product and has general market application (The diminishing marginal product theory states that the marginal product decreases as a firm, introduces one new input into production while holding all other inputs fixed. ) 12.In the short run, firms should shut down if The correct answer is A. AVC > P. In the long term, a firm wants to receive a price greater than the cost of production per unit: average total cost. In the short term, a firm may have bills, regardless of whether it is producing anything. For example, a firm may have signed a long-term lease or may have other contracts it is obligated to pay. These costs are generally fixed costs that do not vary with the level of production.However, firms also have a variety of other costs that are only incurred if the firm is producing: variable costs. Thus, in the short term, a firm should determine how to minimize the costs it will face, such as closing do wn and only paying the fixed costs or continuing to operate and incurring both the fixed costs and variable costs but offsetting the variable costs and some of the fixed costs with the revenues earned from production.If the price is less than the average variable cost, then only some of the variable costs will be covered and all of the fixed costs are incurred; therefore, the firm is spending more by continuing to operate rather than shutting down. 13. When you are considering the value of a resource in its next best use, you are considering its * opportunity cost Opportunity cost is defined as the value of the next best use of the resources. In economic terms, opportunity costs include both the explicit costs of production and the implicit costs of production. 14.Of the four major market structures—perfectly competitive, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly— reducing variable costs of production * enhance profit per-unit, because profit equals revenue minus c ost (Under all market structures, the profit maximization rule stays the same, that is MC = MR. A cost reduction in all cases reduces the MC and increases the profit margin. ) Week Three Quiz Results ECO561 1. | Answered| | 2. | Answered| | 3. | Answered| | 4. | Answered| | 5. | Answered| | 6. | Answered| | 7. | Unanswered| | 8. | Unanswered| | 9. | Unanswered| | 10. Unanswered| | 11. | Unanswered| | 12. | Unanswered| | 13. | Unanswered| | 14. | Unanswered| | ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form 1. | Answered| | 2. | Answered| | 3. | Answered| | 4. | Answered| | 5. | Answered| | 6. | Answered| | 7. | Unanswered| | 8. | Unanswered| | 9. | Unanswered| | 10. | Unanswered| | 11. | Unanswered| | 12. | Unanswered| | 13. | Unanswered| | 14. | Unanswered| | ——————————————†”—- Top of Form 7. Marginal cost can be defined as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. Bottom of Form